One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest From a Marxist Perspective - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1615 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Essay Did you like this example?   At first glance, a reader may wonder how Ken Keseys novel One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, a book depicting a group of mentally unstable men and their boisterous Irish-American leader, connects with the economic and sociological view of Marxism. The novel, which takes place in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, centers around the conflict between manipulative Nurse Ratched and her patients. Randle McMurphy, a transfer from Pendleton Work Farm, becomes a champion for the mens cause as he sets out to overthrow the dictator-like nurse. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest From a Marxist Perspective" essay for you Create order Initially, the reader may doubt the economic implications of the novel. Yet, if one looks closer at the numerous textual references to power, production, and profit, he or she will begin to interpret Cuckoos Nest in a different light. Marxism was developed by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-nineteenth century. It holds that productive labor is essential for human survival, that producers dominate consumers, and that societies evolve through a series of conflicts between the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat). Marxists advocate a classless society in which wealth is distributed evenly among citizens (Bressler 192-3). Capital is not merely money, but money that that is used to make more money (Parker 213). Marxists detest the alienation of labor experienced by workers who exert exceptional amounts of energy in factories, yet never benefit entirely from their work (Parker 214). There are many examples within the text that illustrate the conflict between the ruling class (Nurse Ratched), middle class (Dr. Spivey, who is intimidated by Ratched), and working class (patients). The symbol of machinery as a means to mass-produce a standard product is also explored, as well as what†or whom†counts as machinery. By viewing One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest from a Marxist perspective, one will discover how Kesey uses his novel to make a statement about money, materialism, and mechanization in the twentieth century United States of America. The author skillfully uses plot, imagery, and character development to declare that individuals with mental disorders are more than machines that need to be fixed in order to be productive in society; they have value in and of themselves. Like Marxs proletariat, the patients in Cuckoos Nest are alienated, the result of their labor being directed and overseen by Ratched. The patients continually have a sense that someone is watching them because not only are they mentally ill, but Ratched actually insists they spy on one another and report any of their peers poor conduct. The narrator, Chief Bromden, relates how the doctor who works with Ratched urges: Talk . . . discuss, confess. And if you hear a friend say something . . . list it in the log book for the staff to see. Its not . . . squealing, its helping your fellow (Kesey 47). This helping your fellow creates a feeling of contempt and competition among the men, and competition is the antithesis of Marxism. This is just one of Ratcheds many abuses of power over the ward. Literary critics Roger C. Loeb and Irving Malin shed light on the way patients are used as laborers, or at least treated as such. Both critics clearly illustrate the divide between the patients and t he people in power within the facility. One of the first things the reader notices is that the hospital functions on a rigid schedule run by a rigid nurse who seems more machine than woman, or human being for that matter. She runs the ward like a smooth, accurate, precision-made machine (Kesey 26). The only thing feminine about her is her large breasts which she keeps hidden underneath her uniform. Malin writes that The Big Nurse is no longer a woman†she has become a Frankenstein monster. All of her gestures, commands, feelings, and possessions are mechanized (441). Even her voice has a tight whine like an electric saw (Kesey 138). Bromden describes her as a truck, who trails her nurses bag behind in her exhaust like a semi behind a Jimmy Diesel (Kesey 93). Loeb points out that the reason the nurse acts like a machine is because it enables her to control others (87-88). She determines who is released, who stays on the floor, and who is sent to the Disturbed floor. She even con trols time by adjusting the clocks on the wall, or at least it seems this way to Bromden, a schizophrenic, Shes given to turning up the speed . . . when you got somebody to visit you. . . . But generally its the other way, the slow way (Kesey 74-5). Another important way the nurse controls the inmates is by withholding gum, cigarettes, and television privileges from the men. This is characteristic of an economic system that distributes aid at its own leisure (Capitalism 222). It is also representative of how the upper-class denies the lower-class of wealth, status, leisure, and even the fruits of their labor. Consider poor factory laborers who work for extremely low pay to make fine clothes that they will never have a chance to wear themselves. When McMurphy attempts to change Ratcheds policy about television, he faces considerable opposition, and after McMurphy finally gains enough votes to have the World Series shown in the ward, Ratched insists that he does not have a majority because he has not accounted for the Chronics, patients with such severe mental illnesses that they are considered incapable of ever leaving the ward, in the total amount of patients (134). The Chronics cannot do much of anything, let alone vote to watc h a baseball game. Kesey seems to suggest that democratic voting holds little value even in a capitalist society built on the principle of individual freedom. Sadly, the patients watch a blank screen and pretend they are watching the game instead. Interestingly, the Chronics symbolize a separate class than the Acutes, patients considered capable of rehabilitation, whom Ratched also dominates. The Chronics are described as machines with flaws inside that cant be repaired (Kesey 51). Imagery such as shock treatments and brain operations carry Keseys message that society is becoming too preoccupied with fixing things and that people are not pieces of equipment that need to be fixed, but are thinking, feeling human beings whose illnesses need to be cured through warmth and compassion. He advocates that those with mental disorders have more to contribute to society than their own ailments, which secure health care providers such as Ratched a place in the workforce. Through McMurphys reha bilitation of Bromden, a Chronic, over the course of the novel, Kesey argues that the patients are more than the paychecks they provide hospital management; they are more than defective brains to be examined and probed. It is worth noting that the people who have the most power in the story are those that are educated, including the nurses, doctors, board members, and president of the hospital. The black boys, the male, African-American orderlies who serve Ratched, are portrayed as less intelligent and merely function as robots following orders. McMurphys ethnic, working class background also puts him in a position lower than that of the Big Nurse. This is a reflection of the hierarchy in real-world America. Kesey could be warning his readers about the danger of science and knowledge as he makes the characters with the best education powerful, but also cruel. The uneducated McMurphy is unlike the machinery-like Ratched in that he is uninhibited, rowdy, and emotional, while she is cold and calculating. The Irishman laughs at problems to keep his spirits up and prevent himself from becoming a body with no soul. At one point in the story, McMurphy takes the men out on a fishing trip where they are reju venated with nature, far away from the mechanical institution (238). While Ratched acts like a machine, she essentially functions as a manufacturer and symbol of the oppressive upper-class (Haslett 35). While McMurphy tries to bring about equality between the patients and head nurse, she holds onto her self-proclaimed right to exact power over her charges because of her money, education, and, ultimately, sanity. The patients represent the working-class by providing Ratched, the manufacturer, with the products from which she profits†their deranged minds. The patients can even be viewed as products themselves after shock therapy treatments and lobotomies leave them without personality. The negative effects of the hospitals organizational structure are numerous. The men feel worthless, abused, and manipulated, much like the proletariat who endured horrendous working conditions and rarely saw the fruits of their labor during the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom and United States in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century (Industrial Revolution 630). Perhaps the most conspicuous example of the hospital environments detrimental impact is Billy Bibbits suicide after Nurse Ratched threatens to tell his mother about his night with Candy, the prostitute McMurphy brings onto the ward (Kesey 302-304). While this event can be interpreted as merely a tragedy between a manipulative nurse and an overwrought patient, it can also be interpreted as a representation of the harm that can result from an economy that encourages certain groups of people to dominate others. By examining One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest from a Marxist perspective, the reader develops a sense of the underlying meanings beyond much of the imagery that fills the novel. Kesey makes a powerful statement about overproduction and overconsumption in 1960s America by depicting a group of mental patients whose function is to serve the hospital from which they should be receiving quality care from, a reflection of how the poor serve the rich. Through varying techniques, he expresses that there should be more equality between different classes and groups, and that there must be more value placed on the human than the machine. With any hope, society can learn something from Cuckoos destructive, yet equally hopeful outcome.

Strategic Analysis of the Uk Fast Food Industry - 2843 Words

Business and Management Strategy BAM6012 A Strategic and Competitive Analysis of the UK’s Fast Food Industry Executive Summary The food industry in the UK is a multi-billion pound industry that is mainly dominated by a few competitors such as McDonalds, Burger King, KFC and Subway. Most of the food sold in these fast food restaurants is unhealthy, which is becoming a huge concern as there are many people dying of obesity and other health related problems. This is one of the key social factors facing the fast food market at the moment. The fast food industry is a ‘red ocean’ as it is already well defined where rivalry is intense. It is also a perfectly competitive industry as the barriers to entry are low and there are many rivals†¦show more content†¦Fast Food Industry Profile: The United Kingdom’ 2012, Fast Food Industry Profile: United Kingdom, pg 1-35, Business Source Premier, EBSCO host, viewed [25/11/2012] PESTLE analysis â€Å"PESTLE analysis will help to capture understanding about aspects of the context by using the prompts political, economic, sociological, technological, legal and environmental. It is a technique that facilitates a wide scan of the context and actual or potential factors that would affect objectives if left unmanaged.† (Webster-Murray, R. 2010. pg.88) Political factors * There is an increasing amount of pressure from the government to encourage people to eat healthier as the number of deaths relating to obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle is on the increase year after year. * The government can allocate grants to business start-ups to try and promote fair competition within the marketplace. * There is speculation over the government introducing a new ‘fat tax’ on fast food served over a counter. 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Public Sphere Citizenship in the Age of Internet

Question: Discuss about thePublic Spherefor Citizenship in the Age of Internet. Answer: Introduction: Citizenship is a phenomenon that happens to be synonymous with the concept of statesmanship and national identities. Citizens of nations are formed with the help of certain very complex dynamics. Public opinion is one of the major elements that contributes to the formation of citizenship and is also a product of citizenship itself. Public opinion is something that is formed with the help of the popular media. In the earlier times before the advent of the internet, the newspapers were the most popular media through which current affairs did circulate amongst the citizens of the various nations and also helped in the formation of the identity of citizenship,. However with the advent of the internet and its related to phenomenon, the popularity of newspapers have undergone a major decline. This is a fact that is much evident from the slow decline in the rate of sale of the newspapers. In this discussion we shall examine the effects of internet and its related media on the way current affairs information are circulated amongst the people of the world and its impact on the phenomenon of citizenship(Papacharissi). Discussion: The media has undergone a huge change with the advent of the finer quality technology. In this context we see that more refine technology in the field of journalism has added a new edge to the profession. In the current times we see that with the help of technology the grasp and the clutches of journalism has become all the more far reaching. The quality and the genera of news happen to be far stretched. In addition to the same we see that the reach of journalism has also undergone a massive change and has expounded in a terrific manner. This can be attributed just due to the elevated level of technology that is involved in the distribution of news. The advent of the internet and its allied channels has led to news and journalism becoming all the more far reaching. It can be said without a doubt that just as the advent and the arrival of the internet and the web pages most have affected the sale rate and the easiness of the newspapers, it has also revolutionised the whole picture o c urrent affairs. News ion the present era is facility that is juts a click away from the readers. Again people no longer need to buy extra newspapers to get the updated news. It is available over the internet and can be very easily accessed over the mobile phones(Dahlgren). The quality of the media has also undergone massive change. In the earlier times the genres that were touched by the media were very restricted. This has undergone a massive transformation in the current times. The readers now can take look at various types of news and events that is occurring in the most distant parts of the world. In addition we see that news in the current times happens to be all the more extensive. Different topics are included within the realm of news. On one hand id we get a glimpse into the political current affairs, side by side we also get a good insight into the fashion trends that are continuing in the various parts of the world. Once again we see that cinema again has attained a global character, where interests are no longer restrained to only national subjects. Cross over films is a very common thing in the current times. The various topics that are being included into media are quite overwhelming. This is in fact one of the major catalysts that is help ing in the formation of the public opinion. In fact the current character of the modern citizens is greatly due to the influence of the media(Loader). Summation: A final summation of the discussion shall re veal the fact that the media in the current times do create a huge impact and influence on the global citizens. The global citizens are acquiring their character from the influences of the media. In alignment to which we find that technology has provided a huge boost to the phenomenon of media and that media has really transformed its dimensions in the current era. Thanks to the redefined reach of modern technology. The internet has truly helped in the process. It is through the services of the internet that news has become a far reaching phenomenon that can touch over different elements of the global society. The common man is more engaged in the whole process. References: Dahlgren, Peter. The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10584600590933160. Political Communication 22 (2005): 147-162. Loader, Brian D. A Transnational Public Sphere for a Digital Generation? 15 August 2014. 1 November 2016 https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/15/a-transnational-public-sphere-for-a-digital-generation/. Papacharissi, Zizi. The Virtual Sphere 2.0: The Internet, the Public Sphere and beyond . 2008. 1 November 2016 https://www.ciberdemocracia.net/victorsampedro/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Papacharissi-The-Virtual-Sphere-Revisited-Handbook.pdf.

The Tourism Sector In Promoting Mauritius Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Tourism Sector In Promoting Mauritius Tourism Essay Essay Mauritius is an island located in the Indian Ocean it is a dream finish with tropical clime and a dream nature. For the past few old ages Mauritius has brought drastic alterations in the economic system and promotion of the state. Mauritius offers a figure of attractive forces to tourist in footings of a broad assortment of hotels, eating houses, accessibility, striking beaches and profusion in civilization. The economic growing of Mauritius has been the consequence of the expansion of the overplus luxury touristry industry. The touristry sector in Mauritius is playing a critical function in giving its part in the enlargement of domestic industries. There is a great manus of this sector in the advancement of the substructure and in pulling foreign investing and simplifying the transportation of engineering. Many travellers come to Mauritius to pass their clip for relaxation, medical intent, for its beautiful locations and for concern conference. The hereafter of Mauritius is that the touristry industry will lend progressively to the national economic system. New tourist-related occupations, specializers and tourer services will emerge. Hotel installations will spread out and the figure of visitants will lift up. Furthermore, the will to maintain quality at its highest degree will be unshakeable. This is besides what will do the Mauritanian finish stand out from others. 1.1Background to the job 1.2 Significance of the survey We will write a custom essay sample on The Tourism Sector In Promoting Mauritius Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Tourism Sector In Promoting Mauritius Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Tourism Sector In Promoting Mauritius Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This thesis can be of great aid to the people affecting in the procedure of advancing Mauritius as a tourer finish. Through this they will be able to cognize whether a state like Mauritius need to be innovate to a great extent in order to increase the degree of tourer. The MTPA and other related organisation can acquire an thought of what selling schemes can be used and what can be done to do Mauritius a alone finish comparison to other tourer finishs 1.3 Purposes of the survey Purposes: This survey explores new constructs of selling direction patterns to animate the image of the touristry sector by advancing Mauritius as a tourer finish. 1.4 Aims of the survey Aims: i To research cardinal marketing constructs such as SWOT analysis, branding, new promotional activities. i To understand the function of selling and the forces used to advance touristry finish and the factors drawing tourers to Mauritius. i To assist in diversifying the types of touristry. i To assist n diversifying the touristry resources i To assist in re-engineering the touristry sector in Mauritius. i To analyse the existent tourer arrival tendency of tourers to Mauritius. i To place the function of the MTPA in advancing Mauritius as a tourer finish. i To cognize the part of AHRIM ( Association des Hoteliers ET Restaurant de Lile Maurice ) . i To cognize about the map of circuit operators in advancing Mauritius as a tourer finish. 1.5 Problem statement The touristry sector is considered to be the pillar of Mauritius and therefore great attempts should be carried out to keep the stableness of this sector in the touristry market. One has to continuously reexamine and measure from all foreparts, both internal and external, factors that are endangering its really survival. There is an intense competition in the international touristry industry. It is a great affair of concern for the authorities and organisation in Mauritius to keep the image of the touristry sector of Mauritius. This is so because internationally everyone is acquiring involved in implementing different selling schemes to pull the most figure of tourers. However, in an of all time altering universe, nutriment is a uninterrupted conflict. Mauritius has to transport on diversifying its economic scheme, particularly in this tough competitory universe market place. Whenever there is a conversation on touristry one have a inclination to believe of largely immense classy hotels and topographic points of beautiful sceneries, like of Casella, Crocodile Park and bagatelle. But touristry is a really huge all permeant commercialism touching about every pace of our daily private and public life ; to merely call a few, such as air travels, travel agency/tour operators, conveyances, eating houses, topographic points of attractive forces and fast nutrient. The list is practically eternal. The influence this can hold upon the support of those straight or indirectly involved is indefinable in the aftermath of possible tourer diminution, least to state upon the full state. That is why the demand to market touristry as a tourer finish is really of import as this will assist to increase the degree of tourer in Mauritius. To keep in the long tally of being a successful finish, a new image should be proposed and more difficult work should be done by the, authorities, MTPA, NTPA, AHRIM to mensurate the accomplishment of their selling schemes used in advancing Mauritius as a tourer finish. 1.6 Research inquiries 1.7 Premises 1.8 Format of the survey Chapter 1 It consist of the debut of touristry sector in Mauritius, the ground and usage of carry oning this study.it besides province the job statement, purposes and aims of the survey, a reappraisal about Mauritius, and rational behind the survey. Chapter 2 consists of the literature review.it lay accent on the assorted promotional tools that push visitants to come to a destination.it tells us about the selling schemes, finish selling, finish stigmatization. Chapter 3 it presents the research methodological analysis which describes what trying methods have been used, how informations have been collected from the circuit operator and organize the MTPA, how the questionnaires design was and what are the jobs that have occurred to roll up these informations? . Chapter 4 nowadayss all the analysis and treatment. Chapter 5 is a decision about the survey and it deals with all the recommendations. 1.9 Conclusion a short paragraph that rounds off this chapter and prepares the reader for the following chapter. Note: Use a lower limit of 8 beginnings to compose this chapter. Ensure that the focal point is on MANAGEMENT. Title: Re-creating the image of the touristry sector in advancing Mauritius as a tourer finish Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction The aim of this chapter is to analyze the existent tourer s tendency in Mauritius and to research the importance of marketing construct to market Mauritius as a tourer finish. It is besides to look into whether appropriate publicity efforts are being carried out by the MTPA and the circuit operators to animate the image of the touristry sector of Mauritius. The literature reappraisal will analyze the undermentioned points: What is touristry? Definitions and functions of the MTPA The construct of selling Importance of selling Selling schemes Marketing mix Tourism selling Finish selling Branding and the importance of branding Finish stigmatization Destination image The functions of finish direction organisations ( tour operators ) What is touristry? In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined touristry as people who travel the amount of the phenomena and relationships arises from the travel and stay of non-residents in so far as they do non take to lasting abode and are non connected with any earning activity. That is a tourer is person who do non come to a state to work. He or she is non here to populate for good. In 1976, the Tourism Society of England s definition was: Tourism is the impermanent, short-run motion of people to a finish outside their place state . What I have understood through this is that a tourer is person who live their topographic points where they normally live and work and their behaviors throughout the stay at each finish. It comprises battles for all intents. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined touristry in footings of peculiar activities selected by pick and undertaken outside the place. By this the Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism means that touristry is plenty of activities done outside the place topographic point. In 1994, the United Nations classified three signifiers of touristry in its Recommendations on Tourism Statisticss: Domestic touristry is people of the known state going merely inside the state. Inbound touristry means non-residents going in the given state. Outbound touristry is those occupants who travel in a new state. The functions of finish direction constitutions Definition of the MTPA The Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority. The name itself speaks a batch. They are here to market the touristry sector of Mauritius. They are involve in germinating selling schemes, they do promotion run of legion finish in Mauritius.it consist in the creative activity of booklets, booklets, and assorted promotional events. Tourism Marketing Promotion and the Role of National Tourism Promotion Agencies/Organizations ( NTPAs ) . Notionally touristry run attempts ( in footings of attending in route shows, selling, promotion and trade name name among others ) mark chiefly at publicising every bit much facts as possible about a finish and its appeals in a spell to do it better known in the of all time increasing competitory international touristry market. Besides, tourers now know more about assorted sceneries and touristry merchandises, so there is a force per unit area on the promotional bureaus to supply greater degree of information pertaining to services offered ( including hotel ) , activities, singularity of the finish and civilization among others. The circuit operators Mauritius Tour Operators offer striking travel bundles inclusive of travelling, adjustment and rubber-necking. Bing a cardinal portion of the Mauritius Tourss, the circuit operators deliver a elaborate penetration into the attraction of the island. Tour Operators of Mauritius besides offer bespoke bundles particularly appropriate to the distinct and specific demands of the travellers. i some of the well-known circuit operators in Mauritius are as follows: i Mauri Travel i World Travel and Tours i Mauri Tours i White Sand i Macambo Tours Apart from the Mauritius circuit operators there are farther travel operators besides who offer intriguing travel bundles from other states to the island. Selling Selling is considered so basic that it can non be a separate map. It is the whole concern from a separate map, it is the whole concern seen from the point of viewaˆÂ ¦the success of a concern is non determined entirely by the merchandise but by the client. ( Peter Drucker ) Harmonizing to Kotler ( 1997 ) , selling is classically perceived as the charge of doing, backing and transporting properties and services to clients and companies ; it is demarcated as a common process by which persons and crowds gain what they need and want through constructing, suggesting and easy interchanging merchandises and services of importance with others. Selling can besides be define as a societal and managerial procedure Y which persons and groups obtain what they need and what though making and interchanging merchandises and value with others. ( Kotler,1994 ) Peter Stimpson, 2005 defines marketing as the procedure of researching into and observing consumer demands and retaining suited monetary value, merchandise, and topographic point and publicity schemes in order to delight these demands productively.

Absorption and Variable Costing Essays

Absorption and Variable Costing Essays Absorption and Variable Costing Paper Absorption and Variable Costing Paper CHAPTER 8 ABSORPTION AND VARIABLE COSTING Learning Objectives 1. Explain the accounting treatment of fixed manufacturing overhead under absorption and variable costing. 2. Prepare an income statement under absorption costing. 3. Prepare an income statement under variable costing. 4. Reconcile reported income under absorption and variable costing. 5. Explain the implications of absorption and variable costing for cost-volume-profit analysis. 6. Evaluate absorption and variable costing. 7. Explain the rationale behind throughput costing. . Prepare an income statement under throughput costing. Chapter Overview I. Product Cost and Fixed Manufacturing Overhead A. Absorption-costing income statements B. Variable-costing income statements II. Reconciliation of Absorption- and Variable-Costing Income A. No change in inventory levels B. Increase in inventory levels C. Decrease in inventory levels III. Overall Evaluation of Absorption and Variable Costing IV. Throughput Costing Key Lecture Con cepts 1. PRODUCT COST AND FIXED MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD Product, or manufacturing, costs are comprised of direct materials, direct labor, variable manufacturing overhead, and fixed manufacturing overhead. The basic difference between absorption and variable costing is the treatment of fixed manufacturing overhead. * With absorption (full) costing, all costs related to the manufacture of a good are product costs. Therefore, fixed manufacturing overhead attaches to the units being made and is carried in inventory until the product is sold. * Absorption costing results in the preparation of a traditional income statement. Absorption costing is considered GAAP and is acceptable for tax reporting. * Under variable costing, product cost is comprised solely of variable manufacturing costs. Fixed manufacturing overhead is viewed as a cost of being ready to produce, not an actual production cost (i. e. , the cost will remain constant no matter how many units are manufactured). * Fixed manufac turing overhead is treated as a period cost and expensed immediately. * The income statement highlights cost behavior and is presented in a contribution margin format. Variable costing is useful to managers, as it dovetails nicely with cost-volume-profit analysis. 2. RECONCILIATION OF ABSORPTION- AND VARIABLE-COSTING INCOME * The difference between the two approaches is the timing of when fixed manufacturing overhead is shown on the income statement: when the product is sold under absorption costing and when incurred under variable costing. * The two methods will usually produce different income figures. * No change in inventory: production = sales * Under variable costing, all fixed manufacturing overhead is expensed. With absorption costing, the periods fixed overhead flows through to cost of goods sold. * Absorption-costing net income equals variable-costing net income. * Increase in inventory: production ; sales * Under variable costing, all fixed manufacturing overhead is expensed. With absorption costing, a portion of the periods fixed overhead flows through to cost of goods sold and a portion remains on the balance sheet in inventory. * Absorption-costing net income is greater than variable-costing net income. * Decrease in inventory: sales production Under variable costing, all fixed manufacturing overhead is expensed. With absorption costing, as units manufactured in a prior period are sold, an amount greater than the current periods fixed overhead flows through to cost of goods sold. * Absorption-costing net income is less than variable-costing net income. * The difference between absorption- and variable-costing income figures can be reconciled as follows: Income difference = Inventory change in units x Fixed overhead per unit The difference is likely to be very small over a lengthy time period. . OVERALL EVALUATION OF ABSORPTION AND VARIABLE COSTING * Pricing decisions * Absorption-cost proponents argue that fixed manufacturing overhead is a necessary production cost. Excluding this element from the inventoried cost of a product will understate the goods cost, which is troublesome for companies that use cost-based pricing techniques. * Variable-cost proponents argue that variable cost is better for pricing decisions. Any price above a goods variable cost results in a positive contribution margin for the company. Many firms use variable costing for internal-reporting purposes. Given that absorption costing must be employed for external financial reporting, companies can use both methods by making several simple end-of-period adjustments. 1 If a company operates in a just-in-time environment, inventories are kept very low and there will be little change in inventor y from period to period. Thus, the income differences between absorption and variable costing will normally be insignificant. 4. THROUGHPUT COSTING Throughput costing assigns only the unit-level spending for direct costs as the cost of products or services. * A unit-level cost is incurred every time that a unit of product is manufactured. * All costs other than the throughput cost are considered to be operating expenses of the period. * Proponents of throughput costing argue that this procedure eliminates the incentive to produce excess inventory because all non-throughput costs are expensed regardless of manufacturing volume.

Harun Al-Rashid Abbasid Caliph Profile

Harun Al-Rashid Abbasid Caliph Profile Harun Al-Rashid Was Also Known As Haroun ar-Rashid, Harun al-Raschid or Haroon al Rasheed Harun Al-Rashid Was Known For Creating a fabulous court at Baghdad that would be immortalized in The Thousand and One Nights. Harun al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid caliph. Occupations Caliph Places of Residence and Influence Asia: Arabia Important Dates Became caliph: Sept. 14, 786 Died: March 24, 809 About Harun al-Rashid Born to the caliph al-Mahdi and the former slave-girl al-Khayzuran, Harun was raised at court and received the bulk of his education from Yahya the Barmakid, who was a loyal supporter of Haruns mother. Before he was out of his teens, Harun was made the nominal leader of several expeditions against the Eastern Roman Empire; his success (or, more accurately, the success of his generals) resulted in his earning the title al-Rashid, which means the one following the right path or upright or just. He was also appointed governor of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Syria and Tunisia, which Yahya administered for him, and named second in line to the throne (after his older brother, al-Hadi). Al-Mahdi died in 785 and al-Hadi died mysteriously in 786 (it was rumored that al-Khayzuran arranged his death), and Harun became caliph in September of that year. He appointed as his vizier Yahya, who installed a cadre of Barmakids as administrators. Al-Khayzuran had considerable influence over her son until her death in 803, and the Barmakids effectively ran the empire for Harun. Regional dynasties were given semi-autonomous status in return for considerable annual payments, which enriched Harun financially but weakened the power of the caliphs. He also divided his empire between his sons al-Amin and al-Mamun, who would go to war after Haruns death. Harun was a great patron of art and learning, and is best known for the unsurpassed splendor of his court and lifestyle. Some of the stories, perhaps the earliest, of The Thousand and One Nights were inspired by the glittering Baghdad court, and King Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells the tales) may have been based on Harun himself. More Harun al-Rashid Resources Iraq: Historical Setting Encyclopedia article on Abbasids Harun al-Rashid on the Web Harun al-RashidInformative collection of data at NNDB. Harun al-Rashid (786-809)Brief overview of Haruns life at the Jewish Virtual Library. Harun ar-RashidConcise bio at Infoplease. Harun al-Rashid in Print The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. Harun Al-Rashid and the World of a Thousand and One Nightsby Andre Clot Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the Abbasid Caliphate(Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization)by Tayeb El-Hibri

Explain the causes of European exploration and analyze the changes Essay

Explain the causes of European exploration and analyze the changes this caused in the Americas - Essay Example Due to this, Europeans wanted to figure out alternative routes in order to decrease their cost of travelling and this led to the creation of a route to Asia which passed through the horn of Africa. Before the period of Exploration, the wealth of Europeans had declined as a result of wars and in order to obtain more wealth, Europeans started exploring other nations in search of commodity such as gold and goods to trade. Exploration conducted by Europeans even led to the development of technology used for sailing, this purpose led to the development of Portuguese caravel which assisted the Europeans to travel to the middle regions of the sea. One of the main aims of the European explorers was to spread the religion of Christianity in different regions such as Asia. The Europeans of that era were highly influenced by the Roman Catholic Church and they were indulged in spreading Christianity under this church. Exploration had a series of negative and positive impacts on the Americans. The most negative impact was the death of huge number of natives as result of diseases that transferred from the Europeans to the Americans and the wars that took place between the two societies and due to enslavement of the Americans. Christopher Columbus was the one who enslaved over 250,000 Arawaks and only a total of 500 of the enslaved ones lived alive by the period of 1550. During the 15th century, horses were imported into Americas and a huge number of these horses escaped into the wild regions where they increased in number due to reproduction and soon horses became a mode of transportation for the Northern American tribes and this travel instrument helped them in trading goods and services with other tribes. The diseases that came along with the Europeans and badly impacted the people of Americas were measles and chicken pox and these diseases proved to be deadly for the natives (Goldfield, 2011,

Purpose for Educational Leadership Personal Statement

Purpose for Educational Leadership - Personal Statement Example With my master degree, I was credited with 3 Advanced Certificates in Management from the same university, to wit: Advanced Certificate in Information Management, Advanced Certificate in Telecommunication Management, and Advanced Certificate in Human Resource. My interest in educational leadership is an expected offshoot of an increased awareness in contemporary leadership theories gained from human resources management courses. I have started to remunerate on the development of leadership theories through time – mostly focusing on leadership styles and perspectives on motivating one’s followers. Despite the enormous amounts of theoretical framework on guidelines for effective leadership, there still exist conflicts in organizations that could not be resolved by the so-called leaders who have supposedly gained so much expertise on the field of human behavior in organizations which highlight modules on managing conflict, change, culture, diversity, and teamwork, among others. My educational background equipped me with conceptual frameworks on management and technology. I am aware that the history of education has evolved from a curriculum comprising of a simple theoretical framework to the complex structure we have today. The development of technology opened a whole spectrum of information and educational opportunities which enhanced the capabilities of individuals. Murphy, et.al. (2002) averred that â€Å"school leaders, educational administration faculty, and policymakers are endeavouring to redefine the profession in an era of ferment, during which the legitimacy of its knowledge base and the appropriateness of programs for preparing school leaders have been thrown into question†. More and more educational programs and institutions opt to apply leadership theories for diverse reasons. In this regard, I am interested to look into the increasing incidents for educational institutions’ use of adjunct faculty to augment teaching needs and requirements, not duly supported by full-time faculty members.     

Face-to-Face Communication Is a Better Way of Communication Essay Example for Free

Face-to-Face Communication Is a Better Way of Communication Essay Imagine that your sweetheart keeps talking to you through telephone, the Internet or letters and refuses to meet you face to face even for a meal, what will you do? If I were you, I must be getting crazy! But things like this often happen in nowadays’ society. With the development of communication industry, people are getting used to various so-called fast ways of communication. Personally, however, no matter how fast and convenient those other communication modes can be, I think we should never abandon the most original way of communication—face-to-face communication, which is more vivid, interactive and easier for us to promote relationships with others. Face-to-face communication can make it more fun and vivid to talk to others, because it contains much more nonverbal languages than other ways of communication. When you talk to a person face to face, you make eye contacts with each other, by which both of you can exchange your inside emotions. Furthermore, by observing the person’s gestures, you can also dope out his personalities and decide what kind of person he is. And maybe the least important one is that, as the old saying goes,† all men search for beauty†, you can view the appearance of the person you are talking to, which might cause you rub out the birth of love if both of you are satisfied with each other’s appearance. All of these make it attachable for us to feel the person we are talking to is a real and touchable individual. There are times when you have to deliver exact information to other people, and at such times face-to-face communication will be your first choice, because it creates an interactive and efficient conversation. Firstly, when you are talking to a person face to face, both of you can raise questions about anything you can’t understand, so that the other person involved can explain it clearly in time, which contributes a lot to eliminate the misunderstandings and barriers of your communication. Secondly, a person’s tone and voice can suggest his present mood, which can make it easier for you to perceive his subtle changes of emotion. Finally, in face to face communication, you can tell whether the words the person spoke are authentic through observing his facial expression , which can also ensure that the person you are talking to is a faithful one. All of these can make your talking more successful and efficient especially when you are negotiating with someone. Maybe the biggest advantage of face-to-face communication s that it can deepen your relationship with others, because it can kill the distance among people. When communicating face to face, you can see the smile on the person’s face, which will make you feel warm and kind; you can hug each other when you’re getting excited; and even a handshake can make you feel the respect from the other person. All that can make you get closer to each other, which may be hardly made attachable by communicating through telephone or e-mail. For instance, we are far away from home as college students, even if we call our parents almost everyday, we still feel homesick and lonely. Why? Because telephone can never make us feel as close as meeting each other face to face. And so does it among friends, if we don’t meet each other face to face as often as possible, we will soon feel that our relationships are getting cold. In conclusion, with all factors taken into consideration, I totally agree that face to face communication is better than any other type of communication. Now, try to communicate with people face to face and you will find it more colorful and efficient than calling others through telephone or greeting each other just by sending an e-mail!

The Relationship between Psychology and Movies Essays -- Good Will Hunt

Movies are most of the time related to a human being’s life. Movies apply psychology to their plots. For example, movies like the StepMom directed by Chris Columbus, and Good Will Hunting directed by Gus Van Sant show us that psychology is part of our lives in a day to day base. It could go from a divorce to a person who is scared to take a step in life. The textbook, Psychology: Core Concept, by Philip G. Zimbarbo, Ann L. Weber, and Robert L. Johnson, utilizes examples from these movies. We are going to see how these movies relate to the core principles of psychology. In Chapter four, we see how psychology starts all the way from the beginning of our lives. It shows how we as organisms change over time. We go from being a zygote to an embryo and then to a fetus. Then we go into behavior performance since we are born until we die. We start with little things like responding to sounds, recognizing our moms, moving from side to side, walking, talking, playing, and so forth. One big aspect of our life is learning to talk. We start out babbling, and then go into our one- word two-word stage, until we are able to learn grammar. Another aspect of our life is cognitive development. This is where our thinking changes. This theory comes from the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. We start out by assimilating information. We assimilate through out our lives. Then there are stages we go through from birth to adulthood. The first stage is the Sensorimotor Stage which is from birth to the age of two. In this stage, the child relies heavily on innate motor response to stimuli. (pg.133.) Then there is the stage call Preoperational Stage which is from the age of two to about seven years. In this stage we learn to use our language in a well developed mental representation. (pg134.) Then there is the stage from seven to eleven years this is call the Concrete Operational Stage. In this stage, is capable of understanding conversation but still is incapable of abstract thought (pg.134.) The last stage is the Formal Operational Stage. This stage is from about 12 years and on. This stage is when our abstract thought appears. Then it continues to social and emotional development. This is where they child develops a theory of mind which is an awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own (pg. 137.) This makes up... ...his chapter. Matt Damon plays Will Hunting, a boy genius who was severely abused as a child and has been in trouble with the law ever since. He works as a janitor in a school. While working he solves an impossible mathematical problem on the blackboard. When the math professor, Lambeau, finds out that it was the janitor that solve the math problems he was amazed. This led him to go to Will’s court hearing and get him to be release under his supervision. Will is in court for The court had him meet a therapist. He first sees a psychiatrist who did not help him. Then he had hypnosis that did not work either. Then he meets the therapist who was played by Robin Williams. Sean helps Will Hunting change his life. Both Will and Sean are haunted by the past. These led to Will believing in Sean and the therapy starts to work. Also their similarity of the meaning of the world. will live life with a wonderful philosophy that he could go through the rest of his life without having to r eally know anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology is involved in all aspect of our lives. It answers many questions. Through movies like the ones mentioned above we are able to how psychology works.

Traffic Congestion Alert System Using Gsm

Lens Antenna an antenna whose directivity pattern is a result of the difference between the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in air and that in the lens material. Lens antennas are used in radar and metering equipment that operates in the centimeter wavelength range. A lens antenna consists of a lens proper and of a feed. The shape of the lens depends on the refractive index n (the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of a radio wave in a vacuum to that in the lens). A decelerating lens antenna, as in optics, is one for which n > 1.An accelerating lens antenna (without an optical analogy) is one for which n < 1. The feed is usually a horn antenna that generates a spherical wave front or an antenna array that produces a cylindrical wave front. Decelerating lens antennas are made of high-quality low-loss homogeneous dielectrics (polystyrene, fluoroplastics) or synthetic dielectrics (systems of variously shaped metallic particles suspended in air or in a ho mogeneous dielectric with a relative dielectric constant approaching unity).The refractive index can change within wide limits with extremely low losses. Accelerating lens antennas are made of shaped metal sheets. There is no analogy in optics. The principle of operation derives from the fact that the phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave propagating between parallel metal sheets depends on the distance between them if the electric field vector is parallel to the sheets. In such a case the phase velocity is greater than the speed of light, and the refractive index is less than unity.Zoning the surfaces of a lens antenna reduces its weight and dimensions. The shape and height in profile of the individual zones are chosen such that the electromagnetic waves refracted by adjacent zones leave the lens with a phase shift of 360Â °. The field at the aperture remains cophasal. With aplanatic and Luneberg lens antennas it is possible to control the directivity pattern virtually without distortion. Traffic Congestion Alert System Using Gsm Lens Antenna an antenna whose directivity pattern is a result of the difference between the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in air and that in the lens material. Lens antennas are used in radar and metering equipment that operates in the centimeter wavelength range. A lens antenna consists of a lens proper and of a feed. The shape of the lens depends on the refractive index n (the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of a radio wave in a vacuum to that in the lens). A decelerating lens antenna, as in optics, is one for which n > 1.An accelerating lens antenna (without an optical analogy) is one for which n < 1. The feed is usually a horn antenna that generates a spherical wave front or an antenna array that produces a cylindrical wave front. Decelerating lens antennas are made of high-quality low-loss homogeneous dielectrics (polystyrene, fluoroplastics) or synthetic dielectrics (systems of variously shaped metallic particles suspended in air or in a ho mogeneous dielectric with a relative dielectric constant approaching unity).The refractive index can change within wide limits with extremely low losses. Accelerating lens antennas are made of shaped metal sheets. There is no analogy in optics. The principle of operation derives from the fact that the phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave propagating between parallel metal sheets depends on the distance between them if the electric field vector is parallel to the sheets. In such a case the phase velocity is greater than the speed of light, and the refractive index is less than unity.Zoning the surfaces of a lens antenna reduces its weight and dimensions. The shape and height in profile of the individual zones are chosen such that the electromagnetic waves refracted by adjacent zones leave the lens with a phase shift of 360Â °. The field at the aperture remains cophasal. With aplanatic and Luneberg lens antennas it is possible to control the directivity pattern virtually without distortion.

Princess Culture

In â€Å"Cinderella and Princess Culture†, by Peggy Orenstein, she guides us through her inner-debate on the true nature of princesses. Orenstein writes on what she calls a princess â€Å"craze† (326) and how major companies like Disney, Mattel, and Saks have joined in the frenzy to ensnare young girls with pink and sparkles. It is possible that Orenstein is trying to tell us that princesses themselves are not the problem; it is the marketing of princesses that has the potential to steal independence from young girls.Firstly, Orenstein reveals some of the eye-popping figures that companies have been making on princesses. Even with stringent competition from Mattel and Saks, Disney still tops the charts with an annual profit of â€Å"$3 billion, globally† (327). With a â€Å"myriad† (327) of products pouring into the market, Orenstein claims that â€Å"pink, it seems, is the new gold† (327). By pointing out all of the new products dealing with prince sses, perhaps Orenstein is attempting to draw attention to the sheer size of the princess â€Å"craze† (326) and how it is potentially detrimental to young girls because, if they only see princess toys, then their power to choose what they want has been diminished drastically.Orenstein worries openly about what exposing her daughter to stereotypes will do to her, wondering â€Å"what playing Little Mermaid is teaching [her daughter]† (327). Orenstein then moves on to reevaluate her feminist views, but feels that â€Å"maybe [she is] still surfing a washed-out second wave of feminism in a third-wave world. Maybe princesses are in fact a sign of progress†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (328). Perhaps Orenstein is trying to get readers to realize that being a princess could be a new form of feminism and independence for girls instead of a symbol of dependence.Orenstein gives readers the inside scoop on how the â€Å"rise of Disney princesses reads like a fairy tale† (328) to furthe r investigate the influence the market has on young girls. Orenstein speaks to Andy Mooney, an employee at Disney, about the formation of the Disney Princess line. Mooney says that he saw that girls were already dressing as princesses and to create a specific line of Disney products was to â€Å"‘[allow] these girls to do what they’re doing anyway†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (328).With Mooney’s words, readers are  inclined to think that, if girls already want to be princesses, then there might be nothing wrong with the marketing of princesses after all. However, Orenstein then points out that, according to a survey by Girls Inc., â€Å"school-age girls overwhelmingly [report] a paralyzing pressure to be ‘perfect’† (329). Orenstein’s statement brings the reader back to realizing the immense potential marketing has to take away independence from young girls, further solidifying Orenstein’s worry and mistrust of the commercial empires that have played a part in the rise of princesses.From the beginning, Orenstein appears critical of the princess â€Å"craze† (326) and the monstrous marketing machine that has risen up beside it. Orenstein wonders, however, whether or not being a princess is truly bad for a girl’s ability to remain independent, but this thought does not last. As Orenstein’s thoughts draw to a close, it is apparent that she has made no definite conclusions about princesses, marketing, and who is to blame. Perhaps readers can take away the thought that, even with the market still looming over girls’ heads, there is still the potential to be an independent princess.

Free Essays on Henry James

â€Å"Presently a small boy came walking along the pathan urchin of nine or ten. The child, who was diminutive for his years, had an aged expression of countenance, a pale complexion, and sharp little features. He was dressed in knickerbockers, with red stockings, which displayed his poor little spindle-shanks; he also wore a brilliant red cravat.(Daisy Miller by Henry James pg.3).With great character descriptions like this no wonder he was one of the greatest writers in his time. In his 50- year writing career he was the one kids looked up too, and other authors looked up too to. He had his own style it was straightforward and realistic. His fiction stories is the best ever, and his characters that he makes are so creative. In this essay you will be able to tell his life and his profound effect on his work. James was born in New York City, His dad was also named Henry James. He was born into a wealthy prominent family. His dad was a religious philosopher, and was part of the leading thinkers of the 1800s, His mom name was Mary Robertson James. James had three brothers and one sister. His dad gave the children weird education by taking them to England and staying there long visits, but that paid off as you can tell. James brother became a great philosopher and psychologist. The year Henry James turned twelve years old his family moved to Switzerland and later to France and Germany. After the completion of his family’s travels, Henry James returned to America and enrolled in Harvard law school in 1882 for a while. He withdrew soon after his enrollment because he desired to pursue writing rather than an education. James never married, he said in the taleâ€Å"The Lesson Of The Master† (1888), he considered to be an artist you should be free of all the obligations of a family. James left America in his early 30s, and moved to Europe, he felt that living in Europe was more complicated societies and offer him bett... Free Essays on Henry James Free Essays on Henry James â€Å"Presently a small boy came walking along the pathan urchin of nine or ten. The child, who was diminutive for his years, had an aged expression of countenance, a pale complexion, and sharp little features. He was dressed in knickerbockers, with red stockings, which displayed his poor little spindle-shanks; he also wore a brilliant red cravat.(Daisy Miller by Henry James pg.3).With great character descriptions like this no wonder he was one of the greatest writers in his time. In his 50- year writing career he was the one kids looked up too, and other authors looked up too to. He had his own style it was straightforward and realistic. His fiction stories is the best ever, and his characters that he makes are so creative. In this essay you will be able to tell his life and his profound effect on his work. James was born in New York City, His dad was also named Henry James. He was born into a wealthy prominent family. His dad was a religious philosopher, and was part of the leading thinkers of the 1800s, His mom name was Mary Robertson James. James had three brothers and one sister. His dad gave the children weird education by taking them to England and staying there long visits, but that paid off as you can tell. James brother became a great philosopher and psychologist. The year Henry James turned twelve years old his family moved to Switzerland and later to France and Germany. After the completion of his family’s travels, Henry James returned to America and enrolled in Harvard law school in 1882 for a while. He withdrew soon after his enrollment because he desired to pursue writing rather than an education. James never married, he said in the taleâ€Å"The Lesson Of The Master† (1888), he considered to be an artist you should be free of all the obligations of a family. James left America in his early 30s, and moved to Europe, he felt that living in Europe was more complicated societies and offer him bett...

On the SAT, How Many People Get a 1400, 1500, or 1600

On the SAT, How Many People Get a 1400, 1500, or 1600 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips How many students get a high score on the SAT? How many students get a perfect score? Here we look at the number of students and the percentile of these top ranks. Then we find out whether you should retake the SAT if you get these scores. Note:This guide was created when the SAT used its old 2400 scoring scale. Unfortunately, we don't have the same data for the current version of the SAT (out of 1600 points), but we do have a conversion chart below so you can convert your 1600-scale SAT score to a 2400-scale score and still make use of the information in this article. SAT Score Conversion Chart Below is the conversion chart you can use to convert your current SAT score to the old 2400-scale version of the SAT. For example, if you scored an 1150 on the current version of the SAT, that's equivalent to a 1590 on the old SAT. So 1590 is the score you'd use for reference as you read the rest of the article to get a sense of where you rank in regards to other SAT test takers. New SAT Old SAT New SAT Old SAT New SAT Old SAT 1600 2390 1200 1670 800 1060 1590 2370 1190 1650 790 1040 1580 2350 1180 1640 780 1030 1570 2330 1170 1620 770 1010 1560 2300 1160 1610 760 990 1550 2280 1150 1590 750 980 1540 2260 1140 1570 740 960 1530 2230 1130 1560 730 950 1520 2210 1120 1540 720 930 1510 2190 1110 1530 710 910 1500 2170 1100 1510 700 900 1490 2150 1090 1490 690 880 1480 2130 1080 1480 680 870 1470 2110 1070 1460 670 860 1460 2090 1060 1450 660 850 1450 2080 1050 1430 650 840 1440 2060 1040 1420 640 830 1430 2040 1030 1400 630 820 1420 2020 1020 1390 620 810 1410 2000 1010 1370 610 800 1400 1990 1000 1360 600 790 1390 1970 990 1340 590 780 1380 1950 980 1330 580 770 1370 1930 970 1310 570 760 1360 1920 960 1300 560 750 1350 1900 950 1280 550 740 1340 1880 940 1270 540 730 1330 1870 930 1250 530 730 1320 1850 920 1240 520 720 1310 1840 910 1220 510 710 1300 1820 900 1210 500 700 1290 1810 890 1200 490 690 1280 1790 880 1180 480 680 1270 1780 870 1170 470 670 1260 1760 860 1150 460 660 1250 1750 850 1140 450 650 1240 1730 840 1120 440 640 1230 1710 830 1110 430 630 1220 1700 820 1090 420 620 1210 1680 810 1070 410 610 400 600 Which SAT Data Is the Most Important for You? Before we talk about the exact numbers, it's important to know which data you should care about. Take a score like 2200. According to the College Board, who has comprehensive statistics on all takers of the official SAT, there are 2,574 students who got exactly a 2200 in 2014. However, if you are comparing yourself to the College Board's official numbers, you should be careful about how they construct it.The College Board is only looking at 2014 college-bound seniors - so if you are pretty far removed from this group, it won't represent how you're performing. For example, if you are a sophomore, a 2200 will be much more impressive than the official table of numbers suggests because you've had two less years of school compared to high school seniors. Percentiles vs Absolute Numbers You should also consider whether you should care about absolute numbers or percentiles most. If you care about how you're doing compared to the average test taker, you might care more about percentiles - a 2200 is 98th percentile (or inverted top 2 percentile). This tells you you're within the top 2% of test takers. Picture the median test taker in your mind: aUS student who performs average in class and prepares just a few hours for the SAT. When does comparing against this person help you determine where you are? I suggest that the absolute number of people matters more.After all, Harvard takes in a class of 1200 per year, the top ten colleges probably take in around 20,000, and how you numerically fit into that picture matters more. Cumulative Numbers Back to absolute numbers - 2,574 students got a 2200. But that doesn't mean that if you got a 2200, you're within the top 2,574 students. You have to count all the people who got 2200 or above. In statistics, this is called the cumulative number. This is important because you're not just competing against people who got a 2200 exactly - you're pretty much neck-to-neck with those who got 2210, 2220 and so forth. That's why you want to look at people who got a score or above. This number is most useful to figure out the sort of colleges you're competitive for. For example, if you're in the top 3000 or so, you're competitive for every college, since the top two to three colleges together accept that many per year. Likewise, wherever you place, you can count the slots colleges have above that. The Raw Facts Here is the table showing data for scores from 2200 to 2400, and below is more explanation of what each of the columns show. Score Number of Students Cumulative Number Precise Top Percentile 2400 583 583 0.0348% 2350 630 2969 0.1775% 2300 1371 8812 0.5269% 2250 1914 17225 1.0299% 2200 2574 28834 1.7241% Your Score = The SAT 3-Section Score (out of 2400) Number of Students = Number of students in 2014 who got exactly your score. This number is not cumulative and isn't the best measure of performance. Cumulative Number = This is the total number of students in 2014 who got the same score as you or more. This is the group you're competing with. Precise Percentile = Here we include the precise percentile this score puts you in. The College Board represents percentiles only roughly - they just tell you 99%+ in your score report. We use their exact numbers to re-run the calculation and tell you what exact top fraction you're in. Bonus: Should You Retake the SAT? I've written before that students can easily get 100 points more or less during different SATs without doing anything different, and colleges know that. A change of 100 points is not statistically significant. Does that mean colleges don't care about a 100 point difference - that colleges don't care between a SAT score of 2150 and a 2250, or between a 2250 and 2350? Not at all - because the idea of statistical significance is not the same as expected difference. (This is where my master's degree in statistics can shine!) Statistical significance measures whether someone who got 2350 could get 2250 by likely chance - the answer is absolutely yes! But expected difference measures whether on average, someone who happens to get a 2350 is better than someone who got a 2250 - the answer is also yes. It's not hard to understand intuitively - if you get a 2350 you probably just got a couple of questions wrong, all due to a careless mistake. When you get in the 2250 zone, you're getting up to half a dozen wrong, and that on average reflects a degree of care and mastery that's simply different from a 2350. Our advice then is that especially due to superscoring, even if you're getting 2200, it's worth retaking it up to just above a 2300. What's Next? Not happy with your SAT score?If you want to raise your score,check out our guide on low SAT scoresfor helpful tips. For more strategies, take a look at our guides to getting a perfect SAT score on Reading, Math, Writing and overall. What kinds of study materials do you need to study for the SAT? We break down what the best prep books are (and which books to avoid) in this expert guide. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Writing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Writing assignment - Essay Example With the many possible sources of ocean pollution, there exist myriad of adverse effects with prevention calling for collaborative efforts among governments, international community and individuals. The first form of ocean pollution is oil pollution. As noted by WWF, 12% of ocean oil pollution emanates from oil spills with 36% attributed to runoffs from cities and industries. The oil from down the drain contributes to ocean oil pollution the greatest, emitting 363 million gallons of oil per year according to Gradwohl. Other sources include natural seeps, offshore drilling, routine maintenance and big spills. Although oil-covered sea animals would be covered from cold by the oil as documented by Miller and Spoolman, they face adverse health effects including reproductive complications and liver diseases due to swallowing of oil which threatens their survival (267). This form of pollution kills ocean life including mangroves and coral reefs with intertidal zones noted to be the most sensitive. Thus, cleanups have been embraced by various governments to curb the problem. As NASA documents, the 1983 United Nations treaty, MARPOL (MARine POLlution) brings together the international community to reduce operational and accidental oil spillages. Individually, people should be encouraged to avoid dumping oil and oil-based waste into oceans. Secondly, there are toxic materials dumped into oceans. Slowly degrading chemicals and metals settle on the floor of the ocean, accumulating and becoming hazardous to organisms living at the bottom of the ocean. Eventually, such toxins could enter the food web, contaminating sea animals that are a source of human food. Beard cites mercury, dioxin and radioactive substances released from industries, agricultural practice, gardening and household activities among others as some of the toxins (280). Gradwohl further notes that almost 1,000 new toxins get added to the ocean every year. Digging out

Why are there so many nursing organizations Is the large number of Essay

Why are there so many nursing organizations Is the large number of nursing assocations a value or a hindrance to the Profession - Essay Example Previous years have attested that there were increased global demand for nurses with vast opportunities in terms of financial remuneration and career opportunities. The lucrative prospects given to nursing graduates and immediate placement in hospitals and health care institutions all over the world invited more students to pursue the nursing career. With various international hospitals requiring nursing staff from various cultural orientations, the nursing associations flourished to give nurses the options to choose based on nurse values and principles. These associations professionalize the standards expected of nursing and regulate the quality of health care to be adhered to under ethical and moral codes. When the number of positions was ultimately filled globally, nursing institutions and associations continue to accept applications for nurses without enough local, state or federal jurisdictions to monitor and control the supply. The effect was oversupply of nurses that could not be employed. Further, young graduates fresh from nursing associations were deemed lacking in health care experience and in the required high quality of patient care. Without enough hospitals or health care institutions to accept these young nurses to further their exposure, actual training and experience in health care, problems with employment currently arise.

Mktg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Mktg - Essay Example This function enables effective product assortment and rearrangement. Warehousing refers to the process of products storage through enhancement of maximum usage space, management and controlling products into and out of the warehouse, and reduction of time delays in the supply chains. Distribution centers provide warehousing services by enhancing rapid movement of products in order to maximize on the output. Cross docking provides warehousing services by reducing time delays in the supply chain through effective reception of products and shipping of the same products immediately without a need for storage (Richards 179). Fixed slot and variable slot are commonly used means of assigning products to available space. For fixed slot location, each product has its designated slots. This method has a limitation of low space utilization for products that are seasonal. On the other hand, variable slot location comprises of empty slots for storage, which are assigned products depending the availability of space. This method results in effective utilization of space. Build up is regarded as economical in comparison to build out. This is because building out results in consumption of more land, which is expensive. On the other hand, build up leads to a reduction of cubic-foot cost, but the cost of equipment for the warehouse increases. Employees in a warehouse are involved in restocking or picking out orders. This indicates that there is a need for a warehouse to create different paths and areas of operation for picking and restocking employees in order to ease congestion in the warehouse. This may need an effective information system, which has the ability to locate where employees are at all times. Enhancing warehousing security for people calls for effective consideration of the hiring process of all employees in a warehouse. With reference to facility security, high-tech (for example, closed-circuit video cameras) and low-tech (for

Respiratory Infections Caused By Bacteria Biology Essay

Respiratory Infections Caused By Bacteria Biology Essay -Respiratory infections caused by bacteria are quite so many. They can be differentiated by placing them into where they actually cause disease in the respiratory system or tract. Some bacteria cause disease in the upper respiratory tract whilst others affect the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract comprises the nasal cavity, pharynx and the larynx, whilst the lower respiratory tract is made up of the trachea, primary bronchi and the lungs. When it comes to aetiology, the respiratory infections caused by bacteria can be compared and contrasted as follows: Legionnaires disease is caused by the bacteria Legionalla pneumophila, which is a rod shaped, motile and gram negative, fastidious bacteria. Legionnaires disease is one of the most common causes of atypical pneumonia in hospitalized patients. It is the second most common cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and travel-acquired pneumonia.Legionelloses can occur both sporadically and in epidemics. And over the past decade, Legionnaires Disease cases have increased. This is so because of the common use of central air conditioning, especially in office hotels, buildings and hospitals. In contrast to Legionalla pneumophila, Haemophilus influenzae is a nonmotile, but is also a fastidious, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium like L. pneumophila. Non capsular type b H. influenzae causes is associated with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Disease is e much more common in children than older age groups.. Haemophilus influenzae can cause infection in the respiratory tract, which can spread to other organs. Many species of Haemophilus are normal residents in the upper airways of children and adults and rarely cause disease. Usually, Haemophilus influenzae can cause infections in children and sometimes in adults who have a chronic lung disorder or a weakened immune system. Diphtheria, which is an acute infectious bacterial disease primarily involving the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract (nose, tonsils, pharynx, and larynx), is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In comparison to L pneumophila and H influenzae, Corynebacterium diphtheria, is a also rod shaped but non motile like H influenza, and in contrast, is gram positive and non fastidious. Normally, streptococcus pneumoniae is a inhabitant of the human upper respiratory tract., but it causes infections like pneumonia, bacteremia, otitis media, meningitis, sinusitis, peritonitis and arthritis. Streptococcus pneumoniae cells are Gram-positive, coccus bacteria. Usually, they are seen as pairs of cocci (diplococci), but they may also occur singly and in short chains.They can be aerobic or anaerobic and are often capsulate. Streptococcus pneumoniae is known in medical microbiology as the pneumococcus, referring to its morphology and its consistent involvement in pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumonia caused pneumonia can be divided into two forms, bronchial pneumonia (100%), most prevalent in infants, young children and aged adults and and lobar pneumonia (80%), which is common in younger adults Streptococcus pyogene, a gram positive cocci, non motile and non spore forming bacteria, causes streptococcal pharyngitis, which is popularly known as strep throat. Strep throat is characterized by a painful, red throat with white patches on tonsils, and is accompanied by swollen lymph nodes, fever, and headache. Streptococcus pyogenes is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen. This is so because it is part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract in many people, not causing any complications until the persons natural defenses become immunocompromised. Mycobacteruim tuberculosis, are rods, gram positive, acid fast and obligate aerobic bacteria. They cause the disease Tuberculosis (TB) whose importance has been compounded by the emergence of AIDS and the appearance of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) strains of M. Tuberculosis. TB most commonly affects the lungs but also can involve almost any organ of the body. There is a vaccine against Tb called Bacille Calmette Guà ©rin, also known as BCG, which is a vaccine given throughout many parts of the world. TB is one of the most serious infectious disease of the resource poor world. It is persistent wherever poverty, malnutrition and poor housing prevail. It affects the apparently healthy as well as being a serious disease of the immunocompromised, as it is particularly with patients with HIV/AIDS. TB is primarily a disease of the lungs, but may spread to other sites Bordetella pertussis, the small gram negative coccobacilli, are slow growing and fastidious bacteria. They cause a disease called whooping cough, whose name is because of the characteristic sound produced when affected individuals attempt to inhale; the  whoop  originates from the inflammation and swelling of the laryngeal structures that vibrate when there is a rapid inflow of air during inspiration. Wooping cough is characterised in three main phases. The  first stage  of whooping cough is known as the catarrhal stage, in which symtoms are runny nose, sneezing, low-grade fever, mild, occasional  cough, similar to the common cold. The cough gradually becomes more severe, and after one to two weeks, the second stage begins. It is during the  second stage  (the paroxysmal stage) that the coughing is most severe. A series of closely spaced coughs occurs, followed by a `whoop` as air is inhaled. Vomitting may be stimulated by the coughing process. Coughing can occasionally be so severe as to rupture blood vessels in the eye or meninges. The  third stage  of whooping cough is the recovery or convalescent stage, where there is a marked decrease in vomiting and paroxysms becomes less frequent and the child sleeps better. And towards the end of this phase, the coughing stops. Whooping cough commonly affects infants and young children but can be prevented by immunization with pertussis vaccine Transmission L. pneumophila is not acquired through a person to a person transmission. The bacteria, thus the disease is acquired by inhalation of contaminated water from showers, Respiratory therapy equipment,air conditioning systems as well as cooling towers. And the bacteria will usually cause respiratory disease in humans after a susceptible host inhales aerosolized water containing the bacteria or aspirates water containing the bacteria. Legionnaires disease is one of the causes of atypical pneumonia and even after inhalation of the bacteria, disease is not obvious. There are therefore,e risk factors which are associated with one getting Legionnaires disease. These are, cancer, usually pulmonary or hematological malignancy, Smoking, Surgery,Diabetes, HIV/AIDS ,Chronic cardiopulmonary disease, Advanced age and Alcohol abuse Haemophilus influenza is a normal habitat of the upper respiratory tract of humans and other animals. The infective bacteria are transmitted from person to person, by air borne route. This is typically through sneezing, coughing, or touching. Corynebacterium diphtheria is a normal habitat of human nasopharynx and occasionally, the skin. Therefore, the disease Diphtheri,a is transmitted from the infected to others via airborne respiratory droplets or by direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions or skin lesions. Quite, rarely, it can be spread by objects which are contaminated by an infected person. The spread of diphtheria is increased by overcrowding and poor living conditions. Raw milk has served as a vehicle. Infected individuals may develop symptoms of diphtheria, or they may become carriers of the bacteria with no symptoms (asymptomatic carriers). These asymptomatic carriers can serve as reservoirs for active infection and may transmit the disease to other individuals Streptococcus pneumonia is a normal habitat of the human respiratory tract. Therefore, the spread of the bacteria is primarily via droplet spread or aerosol or through contact with nasal secretions of the infected person. It is therefore. a transmission of person to person. Streptococcus pyogenes is a normal habitat of the human upper respiratory tract as well as the skin. The respiratory disease caused by these bacteria, Streptococcal pharyngitis is acquired by inhaling aerosols emitted by infected individuals. Spread is therefore by air-borne droplets, through sneezing and coughing and by contact. M. tuberculosis has the ability to survive in the environment due to the waxy outer coat and this is what aids the transmission of bacteria through air borne droplet spread because they can survive for long periods of time in air and house dust. Therefore, a person can become infected with M. tuberculosis when they inhale minute particles of infected sputum from the air. TB is acquired by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in aerosols and dust. Air-borne transmission of TB is every effective because infected people release enormous numbers of mycobacterial into the environment, when they cough, sneeze, shout, or spit. In the transmission of TB, social and environmental factors as well as genetic predisposition have a role to play. B. pertussis causes whooping cough, which is a highly contagious disease and is spread among people by direct contact with the nose or mouth fluids from of infected people. People may contaminate their hands with respiratory secretions from an infected person and then touch their own mouth or nose. Another way is that small bacteria-containing droplets of mucus from the nose or lungs enter the air during a cough or sneeze and people can become infected by breathing in these drops. And in vaccinated populations, B.pertussis is brought home by an older person, like even a parent, then spread to the vulnerable population of children. Pathogenesis Once L. pneumophila bacterium is in inhaled, infection will begin. The bacteria virulence factors are unclear, but the bacteria have a way of surviving in the alveolar macrophages. The infection though, will be obvious, if the person has other predisposing risk factors like smoking, cancer, HIV/AIDS, surgery, advanced age, alcohol abuse and diabetes. About 2-9 days after inhaling the bacteria, symptoms will involve headaches, fever chills and a cough which is nonproductive but may become productive as disease progresses. There will also be other symptoms involving the gastrointestinal tract like vomiting, nausea and diarrhea Arthralgias and myalgias are the musculoskeletal symptoms often experienced. And when the L.pneumophila bacteria get to the alveoli, they are attacked by the alveolar macrophages. These alveolar macrophages, will take the bacteria into the food vacuole inside the cell. Most often, the infection will progress because instead of the bacteria being destroyed by the macrophages, the bacteria will instead stop the fusion of the lysosome and monocyte. This will result in the bacteria to multiply inside the macrophage, and they eventually lyse the cell as well as infect other cells. Disease will progress from here. H. influenza interfers with the local expression of the immune response in tissues. Therefore, it does not interfere with the development of an immune response, but will just actively interfere with its expression in tissues. This bacteria liberates a protease that cleaves human IgA antibogy. H. influenza is a resident or invades mucosa where IgA antibodies operate. H. influenzae   has a polysaccharide capsule which is an important virulence factor. This is because the capsule allows the bacteria to resist digestion by phagocytosis. These capsules also protect the bacteria when taken up by the lung macrophages. Diphtheria, the disease is due to production of diphtheria toxin which is controlled by the tax gene, which is integrated into the bacterial chromosome on a lysogenic phage. The toxin`s mode of action is the blocking of protein synthesis in the host epithelial cells by inactivating the elongation factor. The signs and symptoms of respiratory diphtheria, which begin after a 2-5 days incubation period, are because of the bacteriums ability to cause a localized inflammatory reaction of the cells lining the upper respiratory tract. The initial symptoms will be moderate fever, malaise, hoarseness, difficulty in breathing and swallowing and a sore throat. Later the complications may be cardiac, neurologic, infectious, like lung, bone and blood infection and death. So, when respiratory diphtheria progresses, the infected individual may also develop a gray membrane (pseudomembrane) which will form over the lining tissues of the tonsils and/or nasopharynx. In severe disease, patients may also develop neck swelling and enlarged neck lymph nodes. The extension of the pseudomembrane into the larynx and trachea can eventually lead to obstruction of the airway with subsequent suffocation and death. Immunization is the best prevention against diphtheria. The clinical symptoms of S. pneumoniae caused pneumonia include sudden onset of high fever, chest pains, dyspnea and a cough productiveof bloody sputum. In adults though, on set may be less sudden with shortness of breath, fever and altered mental status being the first symptoms of pneumonia. In young children and infants, vomiting, convultions and fever may be the first signs. Pnuemococcal pneumonia is one of the important causes of death in the elderly and infants. And the ones at high risk are those with chronic conditions and with immune deficiencies. Other complications that can arise from infection can be acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and empyema. S pneumoniae is a typical extracellular bacterial pathogen, which has a capsule that protects it from phagocytosis. Therefore, its pathogenicity requires adherence to host cells as well as the ability to replicate evade phagocytosis. It is in this effect that the organism must then gain access to areas where it can manifest infection, either through direct extension or lymphatic or hematogenous spread. Through direct extension, organisms may gain access to areas of the upper and/or lower respiratory tracts (sinuses, bronchi, eustachian tubes) after the colonization. Normally, in a healthy host, anatomic and ciliary clearance mechanisms will prevent clinical infection. But, clearance may be reduced by chronic (bronchitis, smoking, allergies,) or acute (viral infection, allergies) factors, which can lead to infection. Alternatively, by hematogenous spread and after mucosal invasion, pneumococci may reach normally sterile areas, such as the blood, peritoneum, cerebrospinal fluid, or joint fluid Symptoms of strep throat are sore throat, high fever, coughing, swollen lymph nodes and tonsils and a fiery red appearance to pharyngeal tissues which is du to tissue erosion. The M protein enhances the pathogenicity of S. Pyogenes. This protein, which is anchored in the cell wall and cell membrane, encourages adherence to the pharyngeal tissue and retards phagocytosis of the bacteria by the phagocytic cells of the host. Host immunity to Streptococcus pyogenes results from the development of antibodies specific to M protein. Over 80 specific types of M protein have been identified and complete immunity to streptococcal disease requires that a person produce antibodies against all 80 types. In developing countries, TB is a major cause of death and disability. In all cases, the disease begins with exposure to an infectious human source, thereafter, subsequent infection usually goes without notice. The first stage which is called primary infection causes no outward clinical manifestations. In this stage, the bacteria are engulfed by the alveolar macrophages where they can both survive and multiply. Primary TB is often mild and asymptomatic and often in 90% of cases, it does not proceed further. But clinical manifestations develop in the remaining 10% leading to active tuberculosis. and it may take several months from the time the infection initially gets into the lungs until the symptoms develop. In active TB infection, the usual symptoms are a generalized tiredness or  fever, weight loss, weakness, and night sweats. And if the infection in the lung worsens then, chest pain, coughing,  coughing up of sputum and/or blood, and shortness of breath may be experienced. In the event that there is spread of infection beyond the lungs, the symptoms will depend upon the organs involved. M. tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen, meaning, it is capable of surviving within macrophages. It is capable of surviving intra-cellularly through the inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion. Cell mediated immunity alos comes into effect, which causes infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes with development of granulomas (tubercles).. Much of the pathology of TB is due to host immune responsiveness rather than to direct bacterial toxicity. And at times, the bodys immune system becomes weakened, and the TB bacteria break through the scar tissue and can cause active disease, referred to as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary TB. Like the immune system can be weakened by old age, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS and certain other medications. B.pertussis usually colonizes the ciliated respiratory epithelium of the trachea-bronchial tract. This colonization prevents the cilia from eliminating materials from the respiratory tract and it is this accumulation of materials which stimulates the coughing. It has been seen that capsulation of the bacteria canvplay a role in the successful colonization. A variety of virulence factors of B. pertussis have been demonstrated which are: The Pertussis toxin known for causing death Adenylate cyclise toxin play a role in inhibiting s the defensive functions of neutrophils Tracheal cytotoxin which kills the tracheal epithelial cells and causes local inflammation And the Endotoxin Pathogenesis of B. pertussis is that it colonizes an area which is normally bacteria-free i.e the respiratory epithelium and then disrupts or destroy the first line defense mechanism i.e the cilia The infection is promoted by the bacterium.. Laboratory Diagnosis Legionella pneumophila can be diagnosed in the lab by the following ways, Culture: The specimens are bronchial washings and bronchoalvealor lavage which are better collected before commencement of antibiotic therapy. Legionellae are fastidious organisms requiring cysteine and other essential growth promoting factors for their successful isolation and need 48 hours incubation before growth is visible for up to five days or more. A negative culture is not an obvious exclusion the diagnosis of legionellosis. Serological test Ideally, paired sera collected as soon as possible after the onset of illness and 3 to 6 weeks later should be tested. Direct Fluorescent antibody (DFA) Legionellae can be detected in respiratory secretions by DFA for several days after the start of antimicrobial therapy. DFA staining has also been used for serologic identification of Legionella isolates. Urine Antigen Detection Urinary antigen testing has helped in the recognition of outbreaks of Legionnaires disease allowing for a rapid public health response. Also urine antigen helps make an early diagnosis thus the initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. immunochromatographic (ICT) membrane assay. This is a very simple test, not needing special laboratory equipment, giving results within 15 min. Nucleic acid based tests Poymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests that have been developed for legionellae Diagnosis of H. influenzae pneumonia is made by successfully culturing, isolation and identification of the bacteria. Identifying H. influenzae needs a sample to be taken from infected tissue and be confirmed by laboratory tests. The specimen is usually grown on culture with the following conditions: On chocolate blood agar ( which is prepared by adding blood to an agar base at 80oC) Incubated at 35-37oC  with optimal pH of 7.6.   under aerobic conditions or under slight CO2  tension (5% CO2 The diagnosis of diphtheria is confirmed by isolation of the bacterium  Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Specimens are taken from the nose and throat in any individual suspected of having diphtheria, as well as their close contacts. For culture, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, can be isolated (and diphtheria can be diagnosed) using the following conditions: Using blood culture-identification is aided by a selective medium on which characteristic black colonies form within 48 hrs at 35 degrees celcius . Biochemically, it is catalase positive and reduces nitrate. The Elek test is used to demonstrate toxin production of the bacteria. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is also used for the identification of the toxin gene Streptococcus pneumoniae can be isolated and identified using culture and biochemical tests. The specimen is usually grown on culture with the following conditions: By use of at 5% blood agar which will grow colonies that characteristically produce a zone of alpha (green) hemolysis, and this differentiates S. pneumoniae from the group A (beta hemolytic) streptococcus, Biochemically, S. pneumoniae is catalase negative and is distinguished from other streptococci by inulin fermentation, optochin sensitivity and bile test. PCR is also available for diagnosis as well as for screening for S.pnumoniae by using respiratory samples or feces When cultured on blood agar, they are alpha hemolytic. Individual cells are between 0.5 and 1.25 micrometers in diameter. They do not form spores, and they are nonmotile. Like other streptococci, they lack catalase and ferment glucose to lactic acid. Unlike other streptococci, they do not display an M protein, they hydrolyze inulin, and their cell wall composition is characteristic both in terms of their peptidoglycan and their teichoic acid S.pyogenes caused Strep throat can be diagnosed through a throat culture or a rapid strep test. The throat culture will be grown on an enriched medium containing blood. S. pyogenes is fermentative, is a facultative anaerobe and is a catalase-negative TB can be diagnosed by a skin test for delayed hypersensitivity with tuberculin. A positive test does not necessarily indicate active disease; merely exposure to the organism Staining and microscopic exam of sputum specimens for the presence of acid-fast bacteria is a rapid test for tuberculosis. When cultured, M. tuberculosis grows very slowly, meaning culture results may delay commencing of treatment for the patient. Culture also requires the use of complex media. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can also be used to diagnose TB. This test detects the genetic material of the bacteria, it is extremely sensitive (it detects minute amounts of the bacteria) as well as specific (it detects only the TB bacteria). Results are usually ready within a few days. Culture of the bacterium  Bordetella pertussis  from nasal secretions can establish the diagnosis of whooping cough. Since there are difficulties in obtaining the adequate sample, swabs should be inoculated directly onto media at the patients` bedside. It is better to get both post and peri nasal swabs. B. pertussis fails to grow on routine blood agar and only requires enriched medium. Therefore, special media are used for isolation of B. pertussis, and these are Bordet Gengou medium and Lacey`s medium and it needs 3-7 days incubation in moist atmosphere. B.pertussis is then identified on colony appearance basis using the proper medium as well as agglutination tests. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been used to successfully identify the bacterium and diagnose whooping cough. This test can identify genetic material from the bacterium in nasal secretions