E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy Essay Example

E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy Essay E-Government hypothetical record through ICT of open assistance bringing was begun in South Africa first clasp, for the ideal as channel for resident focused help bringing. It intends to gracefully quality administrations to the residents of its state. In this paper we will dissect the capacity of E-government inside creating state in the South Africa with the guide of case study. As a matter of first importance we will perceive what is E-government? E-Government E-Government ( short for electronic specialists, other than known as advanced specialists, on-line specialists or transformational specialists ) is a diffused neology used to make reference to the use of data and conveying building to gracefully and better specialists administrations, minutess and collaborations with residents, concerns, and different weaponries of specialists. Conveyance hypothetical records and exercises of e-Government We will compose a custom article test on E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The essential bringing hypothetical records of e-Government can be isolated into: Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer ( G2C ) Government-to-Business ( G2B ) Government-to-Government ( G2G ) Government-to-Employees ( G2E ) Inside every one of these association circles, four sorts of exercises take topographic point: Pushing data over the Internet, for example regulative administrations, general excursions, formal review plans, issue Jockey shortss, presentments, and so on. Bipartisan correspondences between the department and the resident, a worry, or another specialists authority. In this hypothetical record, clients can indict in duologue with authorities and station employments, comments, or petitions to the agency. Leading minutess, for example dwelling income upgrade returns, utilizing for administrations and awards. These sorts of exercises might be performed yet non might be that all exercises are performed by all the states. Some have more prominent however some have less Essentially expectation of introducing this hypothetical record is to guide course to the Government. So better the proficiency of open administrations getting South Africa. This hypothetical record depends on occurrence overview research, concentrated on one of the authoritiess essential assistance bringing programs cultural awards, as referenced in example review. South African Social Security Agency ( SASSA ) was set up as an expansion of specialists bringing arm that oversees the bringing of cultural awards to the most unfortunate of the hapless in South Africa. SASSA s Vision and crucial lined up with a few Batho Pele rules. Batho Pele which truly implies individuals chief . Presentation of this Model Batho Pele A ; Public Service Delivery in South Africa. Batho Pele is South Africa s intrinsically commanded open assistance bringing tenet. This hypothetical record guarantees that all the residents can keep open retainers responsible for the degrees of administration get from specialists. The normal transmutation in administration bringing is better understood on the consideration that South Africa has only been a Democratic state since 1994. Here we investigate foundation of this hypothetical record. The method of administration carrying transmutation formally started in 1995 with the arrival of the White Paper on the Transformation of Public Service. The WPTPS built up the institutional model that could direct the presentation of new approaches and the execution of the new established approvals. It was in no time followed in 1997 by the White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery, marked as the Batho Pele White Paper. The Batho Pele White Paper explicitly planned for progressing fuse and consistent open assistance bringing. This was on the balance of the Batho Pele regulation. Batho Pele advocates nine guidelines to direct open Hirelings ; Discussion with residents Puting administration models Expanding dish to data Guaranting kindness Providing data receptiveness and Straightforwardness harms and incentive for cash. On the different manus South Africa, through its Center of Public Service Innovation ( CPSI ) , places significant Importance to activities to change specialists s way of working through ICT an impression typically known as E-government/e-administration. E-Government A ; E-Governance The footings e-government and e-administration are much of the time used to delineate a specialists s use of Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) to render administrations to its residents. There is a contention in research network about these two footings of E-government and E-administration. E-administration can be characterized as the utilization of developing data and conveying engineerings to facilitate the systems of specialists and open removal E-government can be characterized as the utilization of Information designing to back up specialists activities, connect with residents, and gracefully specialists administrations . In the meaning of e-administration, we see that it centers around the use of ICT to support the removal and course of Government. On different manus in the meaning of e-government we see that it centers around the utilization of ICT to flexibly the administrations in the help of specialists tasks for the open assistance bringing of individuals of that state. The prevailing hypothetical records for e-government discover their underlying foundations open way hypothetical records and e-business hypothetical records. While research laborers of e specialists vary on the rights, benefits and obligations of customers, customers and Citizens. They all around agree that e-government travel through stages to make adulthood. In any case, the effective undertakings are hard to get. This acknowledgment prompted the extremely of import and certain in concern: are specialists ICT mechanical innovations holding fast to the principles of individuals first , so to state, are the specialists ICT innovative developments empowering the improvement of administration acquiring South Africa? This occasion study other than informs us regarding the dread by focusing on the specialists department obligations for one of the cardinal help bringing plans the South African Social Security Agency, SASSA. An example review of a specialists area, the South African Social Security Agency ( SASSA ) , was embraced explore the wonder of e-government will be concentrated with regards to Batho Pele. Since the every specialists administration is estimated against similar standards that are characterized in Batho Pele. Appropriateness of this hypothetical record can be attracted to different specialists units. In this example dissect the data was gathered by various ways, through organized up close and personal and telephonic meetings with individuals associated with introducing an ICT framework to the worry units of the South African Social Security Agency ( SASSA ) . Aces/Advantages/Merits of this Model Anything is non flawless in this universe with the exception of God. So every hypothetical record is holding the two highlights of ethics and negative marks. Also here we are using the E-government hypothetical record which was utilized in South Africa for open assistance bringing. We realize that it is extremely hapless state and non so created. Such a large number of South Africans do non hold direct assault to open administrations which are provided by the Government as expressed in the occurrence review. Following might be the significant focal points of this hypothetical record. Similarly appropriation of administrations Batho Pele intends to control the administrations each piece among the people. No qualification on the balance of race, sex, resident, separation and so forth its imply that each one has right all of open administrations . Access to data This hypothetical record other than clarifies that the resident has simple course to the data about the Government open introduction and different exercises so there might be answerability in such a mode. Quality administrations Access to data administrations engages residents and makes an incentive for cash, quality administrations. Diminishing of Unnecessary outgo. When there will be e-government so natural data accessible about everything of specialists and specialists foundation. It diminishes unneeded outgo for the residents. Questions that can all things considered be replied during the meeting can go around what ICT endeavors are being utilized to expand the handiness of the administration or product and how open these undertakings are to networks who do nt hold the required ICT foundation. Providing data Accessibility of data as for stocks and administrations ought to Not only be at the administration point, yet ought to other than attempt to build the handiness of stocks and administrations to the masses who are distant from those administration focuses The main nation of point of convergence is increment the Availability of data to the people who are far away From administration focuses. ICT is utilized as a worry bolster apparatus, and since the worry of specialists is to introduce an open Service, ICT underpins open help. The implementers of these ICT administrations will in this way be estimated against the benchmarks of how great the open help was conveyed. In this manner we should hold to deliberately dissect the help of use of ICT inside the specialists segment or agency. This affectability would incredibly follow up on the perusing of the content gathered during the meetings. Cost solid It is helpful and cost-productive for concerns, and the open advantages by gaining simple course to the most current data accessible without holding to pass clasp, vitality and cash to procure it. E-government improves

Frito_Lay Case free essay sample

Frito-Lay was the biggest producer of salty snacks in the United States. With 27,000 workers and deals of $2. 053billion in 1982, it was the main full-line salty nibble producer conveying its item across the nation. Before the Motor Carrier Act of 1980, organizations with private trucking armadas are commonly restricted from selling transportation administrations to different organizations. Deregulation of the trucking business in 1980 permitted private administrators to give transport administrations to employ. In 1983, as a feature of endeavors to counterbalance the expanded expenses of dispersion, Frito-Lay considering selling your miles on different groups transports organizations. Frito-Lay, the executives ought to consider the potential income from these administrations guarantees conceivable debasement of administration for deals of Frito-Lay. On the off chance that the proposition is affirmed by the vehicle, promoting plan for transport administrations ought to be created. (Hammond) Frito-Lay has an incredible organization and an extraordinary method of dealing with things, for example, its coordinations arrange. Frito-Lay coordinations characterized its crucial convey the correct item, to the perfect spot, at the ideal time, in the perfect sum, in a practical way. We will compose a custom exposition test on Frito_Lay Case or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † The coordinations job was to give a scaffold between assembling deals, circulating the item from plants and local stockrooms to deals conveyance focuses and canisters. Logistics’ obligation regarding completed products finished at deals dispersion focuses and containers. There are changes occurring both in the earth in which Frito-Lay works remotely and inside the organization itself inside. The progressions that occurred in the earth wherein Frito-Lay works remotely are the development in the salty tidbit showcase, costs rising, and a reduction in industry development. These are three major changes in outside condition of the organization. Expenses are ascending because of the tremendous development in the salty tidbit advertise. There is such an appeal for salty tidbits that Frito-Lay is going through more cash to get more cash-flow. The Internal changes that happen in Frito-Lay are the increasing expenses, the backhaul proposition and the utilization of Frito-Lay’s private armada and outsider transporters. Once more, these are three colossal changes in the inner piece of the organization. The greatest difference in all and primary concern of this case is the backhaul proposition, which comprises of numerous upsides and downsides. When discussing the backhaul proposition there are just two different ways to take a gander at the circumstance, you love it or you despise it. The geniuses of the backhaul proposition comprise of helping different organizations, extra income, ascend in salary, and ascend in net income, get property-specialist confirmation, wipe out outsider dealer, make occupations, and decreased traffic places. Frito-Lay can help different organizations by helping them transport with ease utilizing Frito-Lay trucks. This proposition extraordinarily helps Frito-Lay since it includes extra, an ascent in potential pay to $15million and an ascent in net income from $7million-$9million. The company’s objective in the backhaul proposition is to acquire property-agent accreditation and wipe out outsider specialists. Additionally, in actualizing the backhaul it could make employments and furthermore decrease traffic focuses in the organization. The cons of the backhaul proposition as I would see it gauge more than the geniuses. The cons comprise of deals, convenient conveyance of item to circulation focuses and receptacles, meddles with the evacuation of KDs, administration, diminish number of trailers and period of time every wa accessible to be stacked, pollution of organization hardware, increment in burglary, drivers are not ready, additional time away from home. Deals were emphatically contradicted to any exercises that may bargain administration to deal. There could be issues with auspicious conveyance of item to circulation focuses and canisters. The salesmen stressed that the backhaul program meddles with the expulsion of KDs, a considerable lot of which were approaching limit as the quantity of Frito-Lay items expanded. This program diminishes the quantity of trailers and furthermore the time allotment expected to stack every trailer. By adding more items to transport you should do things quicker to keep on time. A gigantic con in this program is tainting of organization hardware, agrarian items may harbor rodents and creepy crawlies that could swarm the trailers and mischief Frito-Lay merchandise. Another immense con is there could be an expansion in burglary relying upon what the trucks are dispatching. The trucks could be transportation things, for example, hardware, tobacco, or liquor. I feel that Frito-Lay should think of some sort of protection arrangement with the goal that they are not held dependable if something happens to different organizations items. The drivers will likewise doubtlessly not be energetic about this program since it gets them far from home longer and specialist harder and more. There are qualities and shortcomings of the administration offering from a customer’s point of view. The qualities are potential investment funds on the grounds that Frito-Lay trucks should consistently drive back to their unique appropriation community, so they can offer low costs to dispatch different company’s items. Likewise, fuel costs go up in view of weight, however with the measure of cash that they will make transporting different organizations items, the cost of fuel would not be a factor. Quality is that organizations that are hoping to deliver low weight minimal effort merchandise with ease, they would us be able to the backhaul program. The shortcomings are that Frito-Lay is certifiably not a 3 gathering coordinations, so can't offer things that a 3 gathering coordinations organization could offer to a client. Frito-Lay doesn't have the limit or assets to assume responsibility for inbound coordinations. They don't have the trucks or labor to go out and get the entirety of their crude materials and still have enough trucks and labor to appropriate items. The yearly reserve funds of the current KD program is about $23million every year. Other potential methods of sparing is build up a compartment that keeps going more than 4. multiple times or discover expendable compartments for under 10cents each. Using space is half, you can utilize the back take to get to 100% filling it in transit once again from your goal would be the improvement. As I would see it there are a lot a greater number of cons than stars and that is the reason I don't bolster the backhaul proposition choice. At the point when everything is said and done I feel that the backhaul proposition is a poorly conceived notion and I emphatically can't help contradicting it. Indeed, Frito-Lay will get more cash-flow, however the cons definitely out-weight the professionals. The truck drivers are the ones that need to endure the greatest shot in this program. They are accomplishing more work for a similar measure of pay and that is simply not reasonable for them. They will in the end request more cash. Another huge factor in why this is an impractical notion on the grounds that Frito-Lay sets aside a lot of cash on their KDs and if there is no space for these vacant compartments, they are compelled to utilize more holders subsequently squandering more cash. Additionally, as I expressed before relying upon what kind of items the Frito-Lay trucks will convey, if the trucks were to get things taken from the truck, this demonstration could harm the substance of the organization and no one would transport through them if thing continued getting taken from their trucks. Frito-Lay makes a lot of cash and they are simply attempting to discover approaches to make more and they are getting exceptionally avaricious. I accept that Frito-Lay should avoid this backhaul program to keep its workers and its clients glad. The main profit by this program is satisfying more cash and keeping top administration, however in the event that they representatives and clients are troubled, at that point in all probability the organization would not capacity to its full proficiency.

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section

Resumes for New Grads 5 Great Tips to Organize your Education Section I wrote this article for New Grad Life, so its catered to new grads, but a lot of the advice is relevant to anyone who has significant items to include under Education.   Of course, if youve been out of school for 10 years, do NOT put the Education section first (that advice is for new grads only)!   A possible exception is if you are applying for a job at a university where the name of your undergraduate or graduate institution is the most important credential you have on your resume. Read here: 5 Great Tips to Organize Your Education Section

Creative Commons Essay - 3468 Words

Creative Commons Creative Commons encourages artists to share and distribute their work for free. And that could be the key to a new multibillion-dollar industry. People can widely redistribute other people works, as long as they provide the credit to the authors; create new works based on an existing ones, provided they offer those derivations back to the public on the same terms. This paper analyzes the conflicts between the need of technology for creativity and innovation versus the legal aspect of copyright. An alternative emerging approach for licensing music, software, research paper and many other resources on the internet, creative common sharing copyright, is introduced. The paper does not analyze if†¦show more content†¦An impressive push to extend intellectual property by the entertainment industry may result in the development of new technologies and revolution in the way people watch TV, access information at home, experience interactive TV. But at what cost? There must be a balance between the developer of the intellectual property and the interest of the public. Intellectual property is already a big business among companies. Expanding the monopolies has the effect of allowing companies to negotiate and cross-licensing technology. Microsoft, as recently reported on the Wall Street Journal, is looking to expand the licensing of its technologies, after successfully licensing some video decoders to open source groups. The increasing acceptance of the intellectual property laws by the public culture is somehow related to the ideals of property, control and fear that the benefits from resources out of control may not be significant. Historic view of copyright In 1774 free culture was made because copyright was stopped in the case called Donaldson versus Becket in the House of the Lords in England. In 1710 the copyright was limited to 14 years. Donaldson was allowed to reprint Shakespeare despite other publishers were trying to stop him and demanded a common copyright law that would be forever. The same type of free culture wasShow MoreRelated Creative Commons - America Needs Fair Use Licenses Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesCreative Commons - America Needs Fair Use Licenses It’s likely happened to you before, you turn on your radio, or favorite music video network and begin listening to a song by some hot new pop starlet, hip-hop superstar, or aging rocker. The beat is catchy, inviting, and oddly familiar, almost too familiar in fact. You may think, â€Å"Didn’t David Bowie, or, hmm, wasn’t it that guy from Queen that played this riff in like ten years ago? Who is this Vanilla Ice guy and why is he rappingRead MoreAnalysis Of Lawrence Lessig s Remix : Making Art And Commerce Thrive1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe reworking and regeneration of already existing cultural works through the processes of borrowing, stealing, recycling, appropriating and collaging has become a dominant creative strategy in contemporary art and design, particularly fortified by Postmodernity. Martino Gamper, sister duo Soda_Jerk and Glenn Brown are significant artists in this ‘remix culture’ that redefine the way the world is perc eived through the reproduction and recyclability of their works and the works of others. Remix cultureRead MorePersonal Experience: Searching for a Job 653 Words   |  3 Pagesused by the website. The candidate must possess strength in writing, and a sample is required. The candidate must be capable of manipulating any type of image; as well, the candidate must be acquainted with the webhost service, Flickr and its creative common license. 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Currently it is said that creative work is automatically under copyright without registering the work. As Strong (2014) states in his book â€Å"Copyright Book†, â€Å"Registration does not affect the existence or validity of a copyright. It is and has been, however, important a method of protecting one’s rights under the copyright.† (p.127). Not only that, from DeVoss (DeVoss, 2009) article †Copyright, Creativity and Commons†, explains the ridiculous increase of copyright protectionRead MoreE Phishing Software And The Privacy Of Consumers Online By Warning And Preventing Them From Phishing Websites1574 Words   |  7 Pages(Pg 186, para 2). Lawrence Lessig s Creative Commons takes such approach for a middle ground solution. With the motto Some Rights Reserved, Creative Commons adopts the same objective of copyright laws, except it leaves consumers with more freedoms while ensuring fair earning for the creators (Lessig, pg. 204). 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The Guest Post writer must be the copyright holder of the image/video OR the image/video must be licensed under an appropriate creative commons license or in the public domain. Proof must be submitted along with any image/video showing that it does not infringe on copyright laws. b. Dog Behavior Blog reserves the right to change/edit the image/video if necessary. c. If people are included

The Most Important Features of a Social System - 1435 Words

The Most Important Features of a Social System A social system as a concept in sociological theory is one of great importance and indeed necessary. As a theoretical concept and component of theoretical explanation, it highlights the intricate nature of the society we live in. (Craib 1992) Talcott Parsons, a dominant functionalist theorist, focused much of his work on the concept of a social system. (Water 1994) Such a concept is indeed synonymous with his work. Whilst there is no universal sociological definition of the concept, Parsons defined a social system as: a plurality of individual actors interacting with each other in a situation which has at least a physical or environmental aspect, actors who are motivated in terms of the†¦show more content†¦(Collins 1988) The structural elements of social system are treated as constants over certain ranges of variation. These four types of independently variable components include role (A), collectivity (G), norms (I) and value (L). (Waters 1994) These roughly cover the social structure from individual to social system and form the fundamental integrating principle in society. (Deflem 1998) Put simply, if members of society are committed to the same values, they share a common identity, which provides a basis for unity and cooperation, and common goals. Values provide a general conception of what is desirable and worthwhile. (Wallace et al 1999) Goals provide the direction in specific situations, while a common goal provides an incentive for cooperation. Role provides a means whereby values and goals are translated into action. The content of roles is structured in terms of norms which define the rights and obligations. (Wallace et al 1999) Norms are then seen as specific expressions of values which tend to ensure that role behaviour is standardised. These are referred to as system needs and are essential to the functioning of the social system. (Wallace et al 1999) It is here that one can identify Parsons use of many concepts. A feature of his theory is indeed the conceptual relationships he establishes. (Craib 1992) The interpenetrating and interdependency of the subsystems are imperative to Parsons social system and evidently form anShow MoreRelatedAncient China s Development And Growth Of A Successful Ancient Chinese Society1349 Words   |  6 Pagesreach a level of social development and organization. During the Han (206 BC-220 AD) and Qin (221 BC-207 BC) dynasties, Ancient China became unified. The Chinese developed a strong government and powerful empire with the help of its geography, social hierarchy, and belief system. The geography provided protection and goods necessary for survival and trade. The social hierarchy affected the ways of life of the people by determining their wealth and education. The belief system influenced the choicesRead MoreGeography : The Five Themes Of Geography740 Words   |  3 Pagesphysical features of the Earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land us e, and industries. We study Geography to understand basic physical systems that affect everyday life. Also, to understand the geography of past times and how geography has played important roles in the evolution of people, their ideas, places and environment. Geography is a very important link between the natural and social sciencesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Smartphone1700 Words   |  7 Pageson google. Now smartphones have become an important thing for people. So, that it becomes a part of their life because it patronages their activities. For connecting with their job, family, friends they need to keep it. That’s why, smartphones have become the best solution for them because smartphones have more computing ability and communicational than contemporary feature phones. These are some of the important reasons why smartphones are a great feature of technology. Our lives would be very differentRead MoreFinancial Returns And Tangible Services845 Words   |  4 Pagescars, and other noncash bonuses (The SHRM learning system (2014 ed., Vol. 4)). Straight salary is the least used compensation package. The employees who benefit from this are often focused on customer service rather than sales. This type of sales force is difficult to measure because everyone works together. There is not one individual who takes credit for the sales. All sales are a joint effort in this long sales cycle (The SHRM learning system (2014 ed., Vol. 4). (2014)). 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Ten Most Beautiful Experiments Free Essays

Science in all of its forms and varieties has surpassed many events that have changed its path and the way many individuals view the art. The experiments behind the many concepts of science seem all together complicated and uninteresting when viewed with the naked eye. But, when the cloth is pulled away from the shun reality we truly see what a beautiful experiment is. We will write a custom essay sample on Ten Most Beautiful Experiments or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the eye of a scientist, beauty lies in the simplicity and ingenuity of the design, and the unambiguous result that opens a new world of understanding. In George Johnsons’ book, The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments, he explores the difficult experiments and explains them in the simplest form. This book establishes a state of wide-eyed wonder through white light split into a rainbow, locating pulse in our own neck, and allows us to peer through a microscope or fire up a Bunsen burner for the very first time. The ideas of many known figures such as Galileo, Newton, and Pavlov, as well as many unsung heroes such as Harvey, Galvani, Joule, and many more are explored in this simple yet enticing book. The first chapter describes Galileo’s studying motion by focusing on a ball experiment instead of the famed Galileo dropping things from the leaning tower of Pisa. In fact in this book Johnson believes that the whole phenomenon never happened and instead focuses on the science of the matter. Galileo carved a groove down the centre of a board about 20 feet long and 10 inches wide. Then he propped it at an angle and timed how quickly the balls rolled down the track. What he discovered was that the distance the ball travels is proportional to the square of the time that has elapsed. Along the ball’s path, he placed cat-gut frets, like those on a lute. As the rolling ball clicked against the frets, Galileo sang a tune, using the upbeats to time the motion. This series of events allowed Galileo to show that heavier objects do not fall faster than light ones and to figure out the math for the acceleration of falling bodies. The second chapter describes how William Harvey showed that one form of blood circulates throughout the body, not two. How did an individual display such a complex finding, Harvey had the help of a snake. He needed to observer the flow of blood at a slower pace than many had tested before. Which gave him the idea to use a reptile since they have colder blood, which made its heart beat more leisurely Harvey sliced open a live snake and, while pinching its or main vein, watched as the heart into which it pumped blood grew paler and smaller. He then pinched the snake’s main artery and saw how obstructing the flow caused the heart to swell. When Harvey released the grip, the heart refilled and sprung back to life. Pinching the heart’s main artery had the opposite effect where the space between heart and forceps became gorged with blood, inflating like a balloon. It was the heart, was the driving motor, pushing red blood to the extremities of the body. By completing his radical experiment Harvey proved that blood circulated an idea that was so far-fetched managed to overturn the assertion of Galen. In fact Galen had taught that the body contains two separate vascular systems. The first was a blue â€Å"vegetative† fluid, the elixir of nourishment and growth, coursed through the veins. The second was a bright red â€Å"vital† fluid travelled through the arteries, activating the muscles and stimulating motion. Invisible spirits, or â€Å"pneuma†, caused the fluids to slosh back and forth like the tides. The third chapter describes one of the most famed scientists of all time Sir Isaac Newton. He had many discoveries some relating to gravity, calculus, and light spectrums. Newton carefully reviewed what others before him had found and added some observations of his own. In Newton’s day, Europe’s great scientists believed that white light was pure and fundamental. When it bounced off a colored object or passed through a tinted liquid or glass, it became stained somehow with color. Newton cut a hole in his window shutter and held a prism in the path of the sun, spreading the light into a spectrum. Then he funneled the spectrum through a second prism. He allowed the colors to pass, one by one, through the second prism. Starting at the red end and progressing toward the blue, each color was bent a little more by the glass. Through this exercise Newton had discovered that light consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of different rays. The fourth chapter describes Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier who changed the theory of ash by discovering oxygen. In his experiment he took mercury and heated it in a closed beaker, to develop an almost closed system. Lavoisier heated this until a crust formed or calx which is a reddish color in mercury. After a few days of doing this when he wasn’t producing anymore of the calx, he skimmed it off and isolated it. He placed the isolated mercury in a flask and heated it until it started giving off a gas. He noted that it burned â€Å"with a dazzling splendor†. Calx was not metal without phlogiston, but metal combined with name oxygen. Left behind in the flask was a gas that extinguished flames, now called nitrogen. Lavoisier discovered the nature of oxidation and the chemical composition of the air. The fifth chapter and probably one of the most interesting was of Luigi Galvani the man who accidently discovered â€Å"animal electricity†. Galvani found, the frog’s leg would move, seemingly of its own accord, as it hung from a hook, even in the clearest weather. His fellow citizen Volta was assured that electricity was produced by the touching of two different metals. In this case was the frog’s leg had hung on a brass hook from an iron rail, virtually being non-biological. Volta confirmed that electricity can indeed come from two metals through his invention of the battery, while Galvani went on to show that there is electricity in the body. He took a dissected frog and nudged a severed nerve against another using a probe made of glass. No metal was involved, but when nerve touched nerve, the muscle contracted as if someone had closed a switch. The sixth chapter describes Michael Faraday who had performed a suite of experiments showing the linkage between electricity and magnetism. Throughout these experiments he invented the the electric motor and the dynamo. Using an Argand oil lamp, Faraday projected polarized light through a block of glass, alongside of which sat a powerful electromagnet. Holding a polarizing filter, called a Nicol prism, to his eye, he rotated it until the light was extinguished. Then he switched on the current. The image of the flame suddenly reappeared. He turned the magnet off and the flame disappeared. The magnetic field, he realized, was twisting the light beam – and if the polarity of the field was reversed, the light beam rotated the other way. Faraday had unified two more forces, demonstrating that light was actually a form of electromagnetism. The seventh chapter was on James Joule and how he discovered that heat was just not nay simple thing but a form of motion. Joule’s effort to show that heat and work are related ways of converting energy into motion. This is probably why energy and work are measured in Joules. He took it upon himself to test the theory of caloric or invisible heat in which it will rise up the shaft until you can feel the warmth in the handle. According to this theory, the reason something gets hot when you rub it is because you abrade the surface and let some caloric out. However Joule tested this theory by a rigging of pulleys and weights, he spun a paddle wheel inside a vessel of water and carefully measured the change in temperature. The motion of the paddle made the water warmer, and the relationship was precise where raising one pound of the liquid by one degree took 772 foot-pounds of work. The eighth chapter discusses Albert Abraham Michelson and he set out to prove the existence of the aether. This substance was the fixed backdrop of the universe in which our planet swam as it moved through space. In his apparatus, two beams of light travelled in perpendicular directions. The beam moving upstream with the earth’s orbit was slowed by the wind of the aether, while the other beam should be less affected. By comparing their velocities with an interferometer, Michelson would calculate the motion of the Earth, but the speed of the two beams was the same. With help from Edward Morley, Michelson made the measurements much more precisely. Still there was not a hint of aether. In fact, the experiment was a beautiful failure. The ninth chapter discussed man’s best friend thanks to Ivan Pavlov, who had shown how learning was a matter of creatures forming new connections in a living machine. Contrary to legend, Pavlov hardly ever used bells in his experiments with salivating dogs. He conditioned the animals to distinguish between objects rotating clockwise or counter-clockwise, between a circle and an ellipse, even between subtle shades of gray. First, a dog was trained to salivate when it heard an ascending scale, but not a descending one. The melodies were played and the spittle collected. Through simple conditioning, the dog had categorized the music it heard into two groups, depending on whether the pitches were predominantly rising or falling. The mind had lost a bit of its mystery, The tenth chapter or final experiment was on Robert Millikan and how he showed that charge, came in discrete quantities. Millikan’s used two round brass plates, with the top one having a hole drilled through the centre. Both plates were mounted on a stand and illuminated from the side by a bright light. The plates were then connected to a 1,000-volt battery. With a perfume atomizer, Millikan sprayed a mist of oil above the apparatus and watched through a telescope as some of the droplets fell into the area between the plates. As he jerked the voltage, he watched as some drops were pushed slowly upward while others were pulled down. Their passage through the atomizer had ionized them, giving the drops negative or positive charges. Thus resulting in what we now call electrons. Johnson’s book makes one wonder whether contemporary science might benefit from a bit of the passion and poverty that helped shape these ten beautiful experiments. One might even ask why these and why not include women. Johnson did not play favorites in fact he even mentioned how at one point after publishing the book he had second guessed himself but either way the book accomplished one thing of any. It accomplished in teaching me how the things that I take a mere facts were the hard work of trial and error of many individuals. Such as Harvey for example who proved that blood circulates in one form throughout the body. Something that I just take as a given and don’t consider the amount of work needed to formulate this conclusion. Johnson put it in such a simple context that appreciating the work was truly beautiful. How to cite Ten Most Beautiful Experiments, Essay examples

Contemporary Issues in Business and Management Leadership and Followe

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Business and Management? Answer: The main aim of this paper is to discuss the contemporary issues in the business and management with the help of two different articles. The first article is based on, Spotlight On Leading the Focused Organization. Through this article, the authors argued that employee disengagement is the main issue faced by the companies in today's business environment. This issue further caused poor services to the customers, loss of customers, and high employee turnover. The authors contended that poor leadership is a key cause of increasing employee disengagement in the organization (Kim and Maubargne, 2014). The authors argued that the use of blue ocean leadership can be beneficial to retain the unexploited talent and energy in organizations. It is found from the article that blue ocean leadership is different from traditional leadership approaches as it focuses on acts and activities, which leaders need to undertake to boost employee motivation and business results. Additionally, in blue ocean leadership, it is asked to people who face market realities that how leaders hold them back and how they can assist them so that employees serve customers in a best way (Kim and Maubargne, 2014). This engagement of employees in defining the leadership practices results in creating a best leadership profile because it works as a motivation tool. Concurrently, this leadership also focuses on distributing leadership across all the management levels including top, middle and front. It can also contribute to enhance overall business performance. The authors provided four different steps to put blue ocean leadership into practices including "see your leadership reality, develop alternative leadership profiles, select-to-be leadership profiles, and institutionalize new leadership practices" (Kim and Maubargne, 2014). Similarly, in another article that is related to "the essential interdependence of leadership and followership", the author argued that to be successful, it is essential to find new and better leaders that have the ability to engage followers in mutually satisfying and productive organizations (Hollander, 1992). The author argued that qualities of a good leader such as honesty, competence, and dependability are also included among good followers attributes. The author also argued that to ensure positive business outcomes, it becomes essential that followers give positive responses to leaders course of actions and motives. At the same time, the author also argued that different leadership theories and models such as transactional and transformational are used by leaders to change in followers thinking and motivate them to work towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Hollander, 1992). It shows that both articles emphasize on making effective leadership that is f ollowed by the people or followers in order to get business success and growth. Thus, based on the assessment of both the articles, it can be concluded that to ensure the long-term business survival and building of competitive position, it becomes essential that companies focus on the use of effective leadership. Additionally, in support of the use of blue ocean leadership strategy, it can be stated that as this leadership emphasizes on employees engagement and the implementation of leadership at all level it is effective to provide business growth and success. It can also be stated that by involving employees in the decision making process and other business processes, leaders and managers can ensure the success of their actions and motives. References Hollander, E. P. (1992) The Essential Interdependence of Leadership and Followership. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(2), pp. 71-75. Kim, C. and Maubargne, R. (2014) Blue Ocean Leadership. Harvard business Review, pp.61-72.